Module 3 - skeletal System Flashcards
Five primary functions of skeletal system
Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage
What is the axial skeleton and how Many bones is there
Forms the longitudinal axis of the body has 80 bones
How many vertebrae are there in the vertebral column
24 vertebrae and the sacrum and the coccyx
What bones make up the thoracic cage
24 ribs and the sternum
What is the appendicular skeleton
All the bones beside the axial Skeleton has 126 bones
What two bones make up the pelvic girdle
Two hip bones (coxal bones)
What three fused bones are the coxal bones made of
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Lower limbs from hips down
Femur (thigh bone), patella (knee bone), tibia (thick shin) & fibula (thin shin), tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges
Six bone shapes
Sutural, irregular, short, flat, long, sesamoid
Example of an irregular bone
Vertebra
Example of short bones
Carpal bones
Example of flat bone
Parietal bone
Example of a long bone
Humerus
Example of a sesamoid bone
Patella
What are articulations
Contacts with other bones
What are landmarks
Areas of muscle and ligament attachment
What are foramina
Openings for nerves and blood vessels
Where do depressions or groves occur on bones
Along bone surface
Where do elevations or projections on bones occur
At articulations with other bones where tendons and ligaments attach
Where do tunnels occur on bones
Where blood and nerves enter bones
What is diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone, heavy wall of compact bone with a central space called medullary cavity
What is the epiphysis
The wide part at each end of a long bone, articulation with other bones, mostly spongy bone coved by compact bone
What’s cancellous
Spongy bone
What’s cortex
Compact bone
What is the metaphysis
Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
Describe bone (osseous) tissue
Dense, supportive connect tissue which contains specialised cells which produces a solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers
Characteristics of bone tissue
Dense matrix containing deposits of calcium salts and osteocytes with lacunae organised around blood vessels
What is the function of canaliculi
Form pathways for blood vessels and allows for exchange of nutrients and wastes
What is periosteum
Covers outer surface of bones, consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers
What amount of bone matrix is protein fibers (collagen)
One third
What is the basic unit of compact bone
Osteon
How are osteocytes arranged in compact bone
In concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels
What are perforating canals in compact bone
Canals that are perpendicular to the central canal, they carry blood vessels into bone and Marrow
Other than collagen what makes up two thirds of bone matrix
Calcium phosphate which reacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite
Two bones that make up pectoral girdle
Clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade)
Bones that make up the upper limbs from shoulder to fingertips
Humerus, radius & ulna (radius thick ulna thin), carpal bones, metacarpal, phalanges
What does joint structure determine
Direction and distance of movement (range of motion),
Joint strength … As mobility ….
Decreases , increases
Three classifications of joints (movement)
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
What does synarthrosis mean
It’s an immovable joint
What does amphiarthrosis mean
It’s a slightly moveable joint
What does diarthrosis mean
It’s a freely moveable joint
Three classifications of joints (structural)
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints
What are fibrous joints
Articulating bones bound tightly together by fibrous connective tissue
What are cartilaginous joints
Articulating bones held tightly together by cartilage
What are synovial joints
Articulating bones have a fluid-filled space between them
What is synovial fluid
Fluid in synovial joints that contains slippery proteioglycans secreted by fibroblasts
Three functions of synovial fluid
Lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption
Five accessory structures in synovial joints
Cartilages, fat pads, ligaments, tendons, bursae
4 things that stabilise synovial joints and prevent injury by limiting range of motion
Collagen fibers, articulating surfaces and menisci, other bones muscles or fat pads and tendons of articulating bones
When you kick your leg forward what is it
Flexion
When you kick your leg backwards what is it
Hyperextension
When you tilt your head forward what is it
Flexion
When you tilt your head back what is it
Hyperextension
When lifting your hand up (moving the elbow joint) what is it
Flexion
When bringing your hand back down to your side (elbow joint) what is it
Extension
When you bring your palm to your wrist what is it
Flexion
When your hand is straight what is it
Extension
When the back of your hand is brought to your forearm what is it
Hyper extension
When you move joints from out from your side I.e bringing your leg or arm to the right or left what’s it called
Abduction
When you flex/ pull apart your fingers what’s this called
Abduction
When you move joints from out to into your left or right side what’s this called
Adduciton
What is circumduction
Motion of Drawing an imaginary circle
What is the rotation where the inside of your elbow is pointing away from your body
Lateral rotation
What is the rotation where the inside of your elbow is pointing towards your body
Medial rotation
When you rotate your palm upwards
Supination
When you rotate your palm downwards
Pronation
When you tilt your foot in towards your other foot
Inversion
When you tilt your foot in the opposite direction of your other foot
Eversion
Pointing your toes up
Dorsiflexion
Pointing your toes down
Plantar Flexion
List the seven major supporting ligaments in the knee bone
Patellar, two popliteal ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, tibial collateral ligament and fibulae collateral ligament
Position of the patellar ligament in the knee joint
Anterior
Position of the two popliteal ligaments in the knee joint
Posterior
Position of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in the knee joint
Inside the joint capsule
Position of the tibial collateral ligament in the knee joint
Medial
Position of the fibular collateral ligament in the knee joint
Lateral
What happens to bones as you age
Bone mass decreases, bones weaken, increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation or pelvic fracture
