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Nursing 2018 > Module 3 - skeletal System > Flashcards

Module 3 - skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Five primary functions of skeletal system

A

Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton and how Many bones is there

A

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body has 80 bones

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3
Q

How many vertebrae are there in the vertebral column

A

24 vertebrae and the sacrum and the coccyx

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4
Q

What bones make up the thoracic cage

A

24 ribs and the sternum

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5
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A

All the bones beside the axial Skeleton has 126 bones

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6
Q

What two bones make up the pelvic girdle

A

Two hip bones (coxal bones)

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7
Q

What three fused bones are the coxal bones made of

A

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

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8
Q

Lower limbs from hips down

A

Femur (thigh bone), patella (knee bone), tibia (thick shin) & fibula (thin shin), tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges

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9
Q

Six bone shapes

A

Sutural, irregular, short, flat, long, sesamoid

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10
Q

Example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebra

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11
Q

Example of short bones

A

Carpal bones

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12
Q

Example of flat bone

A

Parietal bone

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13
Q

Example of a long bone

A

Humerus

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14
Q

Example of a sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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15
Q

What are articulations

A

Contacts with other bones

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16
Q

What are landmarks

A

Areas of muscle and ligament attachment

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17
Q

What are foramina

A

Openings for nerves and blood vessels

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18
Q

Where do depressions or groves occur on bones

A

Along bone surface

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19
Q

Where do elevations or projections on bones occur

A

At articulations with other bones where tendons and ligaments attach

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20
Q

Where do tunnels occur on bones

A

Where blood and nerves enter bones

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21
Q

What is diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone, heavy wall of compact bone with a central space called medullary cavity

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22
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

The wide part at each end of a long bone, articulation with other bones, mostly spongy bone coved by compact bone

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23
Q

What’s cancellous

A

Spongy bone

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24
Q

What’s cortex

A

Compact bone

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25
Q

What is the metaphysis

A

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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26
Q

Describe bone (osseous) tissue

A

Dense, supportive connect tissue which contains specialised cells which produces a solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers

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27
Q

Characteristics of bone tissue

A

Dense matrix containing deposits of calcium salts and osteocytes with lacunae organised around blood vessels

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28
Q

What is the function of canaliculi

A

Form pathways for blood vessels and allows for exchange of nutrients and wastes

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29
Q

What is periosteum

A

Covers outer surface of bones, consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers

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30
Q

What amount of bone matrix is protein fibers (collagen)

A

One third

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31
Q

What is the basic unit of compact bone

A

Osteon

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32
Q

How are osteocytes arranged in compact bone

A

In concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels

33
Q

What are perforating canals in compact bone

A

Canals that are perpendicular to the central canal, they carry blood vessels into bone and Marrow

34
Q

Other than collagen what makes up two thirds of bone matrix

A

Calcium phosphate which reacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite

35
Q

Two bones that make up pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade)

36
Q

Bones that make up the upper limbs from shoulder to fingertips

A

Humerus, radius & ulna (radius thick ulna thin), carpal bones, metacarpal, phalanges

37
Q

What does joint structure determine

A

Direction and distance of movement (range of motion),

38
Q

Joint strength … As mobility ….

A

Decreases , increases

39
Q

Three classifications of joints (movement)

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

40
Q

What does synarthrosis mean

A

It’s an immovable joint

41
Q

What does amphiarthrosis mean

A

It’s a slightly moveable joint

42
Q

What does diarthrosis mean

A

It’s a freely moveable joint

43
Q

Three classifications of joints (structural)

A

Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, synovial joints

44
Q

What are fibrous joints

A

Articulating bones bound tightly together by fibrous connective tissue

45
Q

What are cartilaginous joints

A

Articulating bones held tightly together by cartilage

46
Q

What are synovial joints

A

Articulating bones have a fluid-filled space between them

47
Q

What is synovial fluid

A

Fluid in synovial joints that contains slippery proteioglycans secreted by fibroblasts

48
Q

Three functions of synovial fluid

A

Lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption

49
Q

Five accessory structures in synovial joints

A

Cartilages, fat pads, ligaments, tendons, bursae

50
Q

4 things that stabilise synovial joints and prevent injury by limiting range of motion

A

Collagen fibers, articulating surfaces and menisci, other bones muscles or fat pads and tendons of articulating bones

51
Q

When you kick your leg forward what is it

A

Flexion

52
Q

When you kick your leg backwards what is it

A

Hyperextension

53
Q

When you tilt your head forward what is it

A

Flexion

54
Q

When you tilt your head back what is it

A

Hyperextension

55
Q

When lifting your hand up (moving the elbow joint) what is it

A

Flexion

56
Q

When bringing your hand back down to your side (elbow joint) what is it

A

Extension

57
Q

When you bring your palm to your wrist what is it

A

Flexion

58
Q

When your hand is straight what is it

A

Extension

59
Q

When the back of your hand is brought to your forearm what is it

A

Hyper extension

60
Q

When you move joints from out from your side I.e bringing your leg or arm to the right or left what’s it called

A

Abduction

61
Q

When you flex/ pull apart your fingers what’s this called

A

Abduction

62
Q

When you move joints from out to into your left or right side what’s this called

A

Adduciton

63
Q

What is circumduction

A

Motion of Drawing an imaginary circle

64
Q

What is the rotation where the inside of your elbow is pointing away from your body

A

Lateral rotation

65
Q

What is the rotation where the inside of your elbow is pointing towards your body

A

Medial rotation

66
Q

When you rotate your palm upwards

A

Supination

67
Q

When you rotate your palm downwards

A

Pronation

68
Q

When you tilt your foot in towards your other foot

A

Inversion

69
Q

When you tilt your foot in the opposite direction of your other foot

A

Eversion

70
Q

Pointing your toes up

A

Dorsiflexion

71
Q

Pointing your toes down

A

Plantar Flexion

72
Q

List the seven major supporting ligaments in the knee bone

A

Patellar, two popliteal ligaments, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, tibial collateral ligament and fibulae collateral ligament

73
Q

Position of the patellar ligament in the knee joint

A

Anterior

74
Q

Position of the two popliteal ligaments in the knee joint

A

Posterior

75
Q

Position of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in the knee joint

A

Inside the joint capsule

76
Q

Position of the tibial collateral ligament in the knee joint

A

Medial

77
Q

Position of the fibular collateral ligament in the knee joint

A

Lateral

78
Q

What happens to bones as you age

A

Bone mass decreases, bones weaken, increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation or pelvic fracture

Nursing 2018 (14 decks)

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