Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine glands in the CNS area
Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland
3 Places steroid hormones are produced by
Gonads (testes / ovaries)
Adrenal Cortex
Kidneys
What is direct cell communication
Is surface membrane to adjacent surface membrane, exchange of ions and small molecules
What is paracrine cell communication
Signalling through spread of extracellular fluid between cells of a single tissue
What is synaptic communication
Neurones release neurotransmitters at a synapse
What is endocrine communication
Uses hormones released into blood to coordinate cellular activities in distant tissues
In what hormones are receptors outside cell membrane
Amino acid based
In what hormones are receptors in cell
Steroid, are lipid soluble
What releases the thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone
anterior Pituitary gland
What does the thyroid gland produce
Thyroxine
Function of parathyroid glands
Secrete parathyroid hormone when plasma levels of Ca2+ drop
Function of adrenal androgens
Promote muscle mass, blood cell formation and libido
Function of aldosterone
Supports level of Na+, when Na+ drops aldosterone is secreted and causes Na+ to be reasborbed in kidneys in exchange for K+ regultion of blood pressure
Where is the enzyme renin released from
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Why is renin released
In response to decreased blood pressure or decreased plasma osmolarity
What is atrial natriuerectic factor
a hormone secreted by the heart when blood pressure rises which inhibits renin-angiotensin system
What effect does natriueretic factor have on aldosterone
Inhibits the release of aldosterone
What does the Adrenal medulla produce
Adrenaline & noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinehrine)
What do alpha cells produce
Glucagon
What do beta cells produce
Insulin
Function of glucagon
Glycogenolysis & Gluconeogenesis
Function of insulin
Causes enhanced membrane transport of glucose into body cells
What effect does insulin have on blood sugar
Lowers it
Type 1 vs Type 2 Diabetes
Type 1 - no insulin activity resulting in increased blood glucose
Type 2 - Inadequate amount of insulin or problem with insulin receptors
What is hyperinsulinism
Excessive excretion of insulin = hypoglycemia
What hormone do the kidneys produce
Erythropoeitin - signals red bone marrow to increase production of RBC’s
Calcitrol and Renin
What do the pineal glands produce and function
Melotonin - circadian cycles
What hormone do the atria of the heart produce
Atrial Natriuretic factor
What hormones does the thymus produce
Thymopoietins and Thymosins (stimulate development of antibodies in response to infection)
Function of gastrin
Stimulate secretion of gastric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor and secretin
Reason for modern prevalence of T2DM
Enviromental and physical behavioural factors such as diet and physical inactivity
