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Nursing 2018 > Module 2 - Integument > Flashcards

Module 2 - Integument Flashcards

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1
Q

What the the two parts of the integument

A

Cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structure

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2
Q

Two components of the cutaneous membrane (skin)

A

Outer epidermis which contains superficial epithelium and the inner dermis which contains connective tissues

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3
Q

What are accessory structures in the integument

A

Structures that originate in the dermis extend through the epidermis to skin surface such as hair, nails and multicellular exocrine glands

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4
Q

What two others systems does the integumentary system link to and how

A

Cardiovascular system - blood vessels in the dermis

Nervous system - sensory receptors for pain touch and temp

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5
Q

What is the hypodermis (superficial fascia or subcutaneous layer)

A

The hypodermis is the loose connective tissue below the dermis (site for hypodermic injections)

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6
Q

Two layers of the dermis from the surface to deeper

A

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

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7
Q

All four components of system from surface down

A

Epidermis, papillary layer and reticular layer (both in the dermis) and the hypodermis

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8
Q

What two things does the skin produce

A

Melanin and keratin

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9
Q

What does the skin excrete

A

Salts, water

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10
Q

What does the skin protect against

A

Abrasions, water loss, bacteria and UV Radiation

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11
Q

What is synthesised in the skin

A

Vitamin D3

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12
Q

What is stored in the skin

A

Lipids

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13
Q

The epidermis is ….

A

Avascular stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

Nutrients and oxygen ….

A

diffuse from capillaries in the dermis

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15
Q

What are keratinocytes

A

A type of cell in the epidermis that produces keratin

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16
Q

What are melanocytes

A

Cells in the epidermis that produce melanin that is transferred to nearby keratinocytes

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17
Q

What are dendrocytes

A

Macrophages in the epidermis that interact with lymphocytes to assist in the immune response

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18
Q

What do Merkel cells do

A

They’re associated with a sensory nerve ending for fine touch and pressure

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19
Q

Is the epidermis vascularised

A

NO

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20
Q

How do nutrients in the epidermis reach epidermal cells

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

What is thin skin

A

Skin that covers most of the body and consists of four layers of keratinocytes

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22
Q

What is thick skin

A

Skin that covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, has five layers of keratinocytes

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23
Q

List the five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin from basal Lamina to free surface (deep to surface)

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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24
Q

What is the stratum basale attached to and by what

A

Basement membrane by hemidesmosomes

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25
Q

What is the function of the stratum basale

A

Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis and forms epidermal ridges (fingerprints)

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26
Q

What are the two functions of dermal papillae

A

Increase the area of basement membrane and strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis

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27
Q

Where are Merkel cells found

A

In hairless skin

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28
Q

Where are melanocytes found

A

Scattered throughout stratum basale

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29
Q

What is the stratum spinosum produced by

A

Division of stratum basale

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30
Q

What is the stratum spinosum made of

A

Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes

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31
Q

Why is the stratum spinosum considered the “spiny layer”

A

The cells shrink until the cytoskeletons stick out

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32
Q

What happens as the stratum spinosum continues to divide

A

Increases the thickness of the epithelium

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33
Q

What type of cells does the stratum spinosum contain

A

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells, active in immune response

34
Q

What two things does the stratum granulosum produce

A

Keratin and keratohyalin

35
Q

What happens to the cells of stratum granulosum

A

Produce protein fibres, dehydrate and die creating tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

36
Q

What does the stratum lucidum do

A

Covers stratum Granulosum in thick skin only

37
Q

What is the stratum corneum

A

Exposed layer of the skin, consist of 15-30 layers of keratinised cells, is water resistant, sheds and replaced every 2 weeks

38
Q

Main function of the dermis

A

Anchors epidermal accessory structures

39
Q

Location of the dermis

A

Between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer

40
Q

What does the papillary layer of the dermis consist of

A

Areolar tissue

41
Q

what 3 things does the papillary layer of the dermis contain

A

smaller capillaries, lymphatics and sensory neurons

42
Q

What does the reticular layer of the dermis consist of

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

43
Q

What six things does the reticular layer of the dermis contain

A

Larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibres, collagen, elastic fibres and connective tissue proper

44
Q

Two Types of fibres

A

Collagen and elastic

45
Q

What are collagen fibres

A

Very Flexible but very strong fibres (resist stretching but bend easily)

46
Q

What are elastic fibres

A

Fibres that permit stretching but then recoil to original length, they limit the flexibility of collagen fibres to prevent damage to tissue

47
Q

What is skin turgor

A

Properties of flexibility and resilience

48
Q

What are sagging and wrinkles caused by

A

Dehydration, age, hormonal changes and/or UV exposure

49
Q

What are stretch Marks caused by

A

Thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to either pregnancy or weight gain

50
Q

What makes cleavage lines

A

Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis

51
Q

What do cleavage lines do

A

Resist force in a specific direction

52
Q

What happens if a parallel cleavage Line is cut

A

Remains shut and heals well

53
Q

What happens if there’s a cut across a cleavage line

A

Pulls open and scars

54
Q

Three things nerve fibers in the skin control

A

Blood flow, gland secretions and sensory receptors

55
Q

What is and where the sensory receptor for light touch located

A

Tactile corpuscles located in the dermal papillae

56
Q

What is and where is the sensory receptor for deep pressure and vibration located

A

Lamellated corpuscles in the reticular layer

57
Q

Where are the integumentary accessory structures such as hair, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and nails derived from

A

Embryonic epidermis

58
Q

Where isn’t there hair on the body

A

Palms, soles, lips, portions of external genitalia

59
Q

2 functions of hair

A

Protects and insulates, guards openings against particles and insects,

60
Q

What is the function of the hair follicle

A

Produces non living hairs

61
Q

What is wrapped around hair follicles

A

Dense connective tissue sheath

62
Q

What surrounds the base of the hair follicle

A

Sensory nerves (root hair plexus)

63
Q

What is arrector pill and what does it do

A

An involuntary smooth muscle that causes hair to stand up and produces “goose bumps”

64
Q

What do sebaceous glands do

A

Lubricate the hair, control bacteria

65
Q

What does sebum contain and what’s its function

A

Contains lipids, lubricates and protects the epidermis and inhibits bacteria

66
Q

List two types of sweat glands

A

Apocrine glands, merocrine (eccrine) glands (watery secretions)

67
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found

A

Armpits, around nipples and groin

68
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands surrounded by

A

Myoepithelial cells

69
Q

Where are merocrine sweat glands

A

Widely distributed on body surface, especially on palms and soles

70
Q

Functions of merocrine sweat gland activity

A

Cools skin, excretes water and electrolytes and flushes microorganisms and harmful chemicals from skin

71
Q

Function of mammary glands

A

Produce milks

72
Q

Ceremonious glands

A

Cerumen (ear wax), protects the eardrum

73
Q

What controls the sebaceous and aporcrine sweat glands

A

Autonomic nervous system

74
Q

How are merocrine sweat glands controlled

A

Independently

75
Q

What is the main function of sensible perspiration

A

Thermoregulation

76
Q

Functions of nails

A

Protects fingers and toes

77
Q

What are nails made of

A

Dead cells packed with keratin

78
Q

What can change nail structure

A

Metabolic disorders

79
Q

Where does nail production occur

A

In a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root

80
Q

Effect of aging on skin

A

Epidermal thinning, decreased number of dendritic cells, decreased Vitamin D3 production, decreased melanocyte activity, decreased glandular activity

Nursing 2018 (14 decks)

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