Module 1 Flashcards
What are the two mechanisms of regulation
Auto Regulation (intrinsic)
Extrinsic regulation
What’s auto regulation
Automatic response to an environmental change to a cell tissue or organ
What’s extrinsic regulation
Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
What do the receptor, control centre and effector do (homeostasis)
Receptor - receives stimulus
Control centre - processes the signal and sends instructions
Effector - carries out instructions
What is negative feedback
Where the response of the effector lessens the effect of the stimulus
How does negative feedback control body temp
Receptors in skin and hypothalamus detect change, informs thermoregulatory centre in brain (control centre) which causes sweat glands to increase secretion and blood vessels to dilate (effector)
What is positive feedback
The response of the effector increases the change of the stimulus (used to speed up processes)
Example of positive feedback
Blood clotting
What is dynamic equilibrium
Body is continually adapting to maintain homeostasis
Functions of the respiratory system
Delivers air to alveoli, provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes CO2 from blood, produces sound for communicaton
What does superficial anatomy mean
Anatomy on or near the surfaces
Anatomical position?
Hands at sides, palms forward
Supine define
Lying down face up
Prone define
Lying down face down
What does cranial mean
Towards the skull
What does caudal mean
Towards the base
What does anterior / ventral Mean
Front
What does posterior / dorsal mean
To the back
What does lateral mean
Anything away from the midline of the person
What does medial mean
Towards the middle
What does distal mean
Away from the centre of the body I.e the finger tips are distal to the shoulder
What does proximal mean
Towards the centre of the body
Plane define
A three dimensional axis
Section define
A slice parallel to a plane
What does frontal plane
Separation of the body where the back and front is separated
What does saggital plane mean
Separation where right and left side are seperated
What does transverse plane mean
Top and bottom are separated
List the two main sections of cavities in the ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
What two cavities make up the thoracic cavity
The pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity
What three sections make up the abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneal cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity
What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
What’s the function of body cavities
Protect organs, permit changes in size and shape of organs
What is between the right and left pleural cavities and what does it contain
The mediastinum, contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels and the pericardial cavity
What does the pericardial cavity surround
The heart
What do the left and right pleural cavities surround
Left and right lung
Where does the peritoneal cavity extend to
Extends throughout abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity
Superior define
Top
Inferior define
Bottom
What does the abdominal cavity contain
Many digestive glands and organs
What does the pelvic cavity contain
Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
How many abdominopelvic regions are there
Nine
What are the side regions from top to bottom (has two of each, left and right) of the abdominopelvic region
Hypochondriac region, lumbar region, inguinal region
What are the three middle regions of the abdominopelvic region from top to bottom
Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric (pubic) region
List the four abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
What’s the axillary
Armpit
What’s the brachial
Arm
What’s the antecubital
Front of elbow
What’s the mental
Chin
What’s the cephalic
Head
What’s the cranial
Skull
What’s the frontal
Forehead
What’s the ocular or orbital
Eye
What’s the otic
Ear
What’s the buccal
Cheek
What’s the cervical
Neck
What’s the thoracic or thorax
Chest
What’s the mammary
Breast
What’s the umbilical or navel
Belly button
What’s the trunk
Torso
What’s the antebrachial
Forearm
What’s the carpal
Wrist
What’s the palmar
Palm
What’s the pollex and digits
Thumb and fingers
What’s the manual
Hand
What’s the patellar
Kneecap
What’s the crural
Leg
What’s the tarsal
Ankle
What’s the hallux and digits
Big toe and toes
What’s the pedal
Foot
What’s the femoral
Thigh
What’s the inguinal
Groin
What’s the acromial
Shoulder
What’s the dorsal
Back
What’s the olecranal
Back of elbow
What’s the lumbar
Loin
What’s the gluteal
Buttock
What’s the popliteal
Back of knee
What’s the Sural
Calf
What’s the calcaneal
Heel of foot
What’s the plantar
Sole of foot
Major organs of the integumentary system
Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
Functions of integumentary system
Protection against enviromental hazards, regulate body temp, provides sensory information
Major organs in the skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow
Functions of the skeletal system
Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
Functions of the muscular system
Provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, generates hear that maintains body temp
Major organs of the nervous system
Brain, spinal chord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Functions of the nervous system
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderate activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.
Organs of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
Functions of endocrine system
Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development
Major organs of cardiovascular system
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Function of cardiovascular system
Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide, distributes heat and assists in control of body temp
Major organs in the lymphatic system
Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Functions of lymphatic
Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
Major organs in the digestive system in order of digestion ish
Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, Pancreas
Functions of the digestive system
Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
Major organs of the urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions of urinary system
Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion conc and pH
Main organs of the male reproductive system
Testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis and scrotum
Functions of male reproductive system
Produces make sex cells, suspending fluids and hormones, sexual intercourse,
Organs of the female reproductive system
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands
Functions of female reproductive system
Produces female sex cells and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, provides milk to nourish new born infant, sexual intercourse
What do serous membranes do
Line body cavities and cover organs
What are the two layers of serous membrane and what do they line
Parietal layer - lines cavity
Visceral layer - covers organ
What does the upper portion of the mediastinum contain
Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus and thymus
What does the lower portion of the mediastinum contain
Pericardial cavity (heart)
What is the retroperitoneal space
Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall
What does the retroperitoneal space contain
Pancreas, kidneys, ureters and parts of the digestive tract
