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S1 Pharmacology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is external respiration ?

A
  • the actual act of breathing
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2
Q

what is internal respiration ?

A
  • cellular respiration
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3
Q

what structures does the upper respiratory system involve ?

A
  • nose + nasal sinuses
  • nasopharynx
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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4
Q

what structure does the lower respiratory system involves ?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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5
Q

5 function of the respiratory system (POSHG) ?

A
  • gas exchange = absorption of oxygen excretion of carbon dioxide
  • olfaction = specialist nerve endings in the nasal cavity + transmitted to the brain via the first cranial nerve
  • speech = via vocal chords in the larynx
  • homeostasis = via the oxygen + carbon dioxide exchange
  • protection = via the immune system + mucus production
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6
Q

what is the function of the nose in the respiratory system ?

A
  • an organ of the smell
  • air the warmed and filtered
  • lined by epithelial cells with tiny hairs which filter incoming air
  • epithelial cells secrete fluid to trap dust + bacteria, preventing it from entering lungs
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7
Q

location + function of nasopharynx?

A
  • lies behind the nose, continues to warm air
  • have adenoids at the back - made of dense lymphoid tissue + fight infections
  • eustachian tubes connect the nasopharynx to the middle ear = equalises pressure in ear
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8
Q

location + function of the pharynx ?

A
  • lies behind mouth + between nasopharynx + larynx
  • both air and food passage
  • has tonsils at the back (made of dense lymphoid tissue )
  • also continue warming air
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9
Q

function of the larynx ?

A
  • connects pharynx to trachea
  • rigid walls
  • contains vocal chords
  • glottis = opening from pharynx to larynx
  • epiglottis = closes glottis to prevent chocking
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10
Q

function + structure of trachea

A
  • 20 ‘C’ shaped cartilage rings + smooth muscle
  • C shape allows expansion of oesophagus
  • ensure patency of the airway
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11
Q

structure + function of bronchi ?

A
  • trachea divides to from 2 bronchi
  • similar to trachea = also have cartilage
  • lined with ciliated epithelial cells = secrete mucus + saline
  • trap + waft mucus to expel via coughing
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12
Q

stages of saline secretion by airway epithelial cells

A
  • NKCC transported (Na+, K+, 2Cl-) brings Cl- into epithelial cells from ECF
  • apical anion channels eg. CFTR allow Cl- to enter lumen
  • Na+ goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway, drawn by the electrochemical gradient
  • NaCl movement from ECF to lumen creates concentration gradient
  • so water flows into lumen
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13
Q

structure of bronchioles

A
  • no cartilage
  • more smooth muscle
  • muscarinic cholinergic receptors M3 causes bronchoconstriction
  • B2 adreno-receptors cause bronchodilation
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14
Q

what receptor causes bronchodilation ?

A

-B2 adreno-receptors

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15
Q

what receptor causes bronchoconstriction ?

A
  • M3
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16
Q

structure of alveoli ?

A
  • 2 types of epithelial cells
  • type I = site for gas exchange
  • type II = synthesize surfactant = reduces surface tension in alveolus thus reducing resistance when inhaling + exhaling
17
Q

what is essential for rapid gas exchange in alveoli ?

A
  • proximity of alveolar air to capillary blood
18
Q

stages of pulmonary gas exchange + transport

A
  • Oxygen (O2) from the air enters the alveoli.
  • The blood in the alveolar capillaries is deoxygenated (full of CO2).
  • O2 moves from the alveoli into the blood at the alveolar-capillary interface.
  • CO2 moves from the blood into the alveoli.
  • O2 diffuses into cells for cellular respiration.
  • CO2 diffuses out of cells as a waste product.
  • CO2 is enters alveolar at alveolar-capillary interface
19
Q

why is hemoglobin such as efficent oxygen carrier ?

A
  • one haemoglobin molecule binds up to 4 oxygen molecules
  • Hb binds to O2 only when iron is in the ferrous state
  • complex causes blood to have red colour
  • purple colour when devoid of O2
20
Q

what causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right ?

A
  • decreased pH
  • decreased affinity
  • increased PCO2
  • increased temperature
21
Q

what causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left ?

A
  • increased pH
  • increased affinity
  • decreased PCO2
  • decreased temperature
22
Q

carbon dioxide transport

A
  • CO₂+H₂O —->H₂CO₃ ——> HCO₃⁻+H⁺
  • catalysed by carbonic anhydrase
  • dissociated into HCO3- ions
  • transport to lungs
  • HCO3- + H+ makes H₂CO₃
  • carbonic anhydrase converts it to CO₂+H₂O
  • CO2 diffuses from rbc to alveoil for exhalation
23
Q

what are the 3 principle respiratory muscles ?

A
  • the diaphragm
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • external intercostal muscles
24
Q

what does the diaphragm separate?

A
  • thorax from the abdomen
25
Q

what happens to respiratory muscles during inspiration ?

A
  • diaphragm contracts
  • external intercostal muscles contracts
  • lift lungs upwards + outwards
26
Q

what happens to respiratory muscles during expiration ?

A
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • internal intercostal muscles contracts
  • lift lungs inwards + downwards
27
Q

what is tidal volume ?

A
  • volume of air that moves during single expiration or inspiration
28
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume ?

A
  • additional volume you inspire above the tidal volume
  • try and inspire as much as you can
29
Q

what is expiratory reserve volume?

A
  • the amount of air forcefully exhaled after expiration
30
Q

what is the residual volume ?

A
  • volume of air that cannot be expelled
31
Q

what is vital capacity ?

A
  • sum of tidal volume + inspiratory + expiratory lung volume
32
Q

what is the total lung capacity?

A
  • the sum of the vital capacity + residual volume
33
Q

what does peak flow measure ?

A
  • how fast a patient can expire
34
Q

what % of HCO3- is in plasma ?

A
  • 70%
35
Q

what % of CO2 is dissolved in blood ?

A
  • 7%
36
Q

what % of circulating CO2 is bound to haemoglobin ?

A
  • forms carbaminohaemoglobin
  • 23%
37
Q

what does forced vital capacity measure ?

A
  • the volume of air which can be forcefully expelled after maximum inspiration

S1 Pharmacology (20 decks)

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