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S1 Pharmacology > Immune System 1 > Flashcards

Immune System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an immunogen?

A
  • a molecule that stimulates the immune
    system to produce a response
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2
Q

What is an epitope ?

A
  • part of antigen that reacts with immune effector cells or soluble antibodies
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3
Q

What are the 4 main types of pathogen?

A

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Parasites i.e warms

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4
Q

What is a common lymphoid progenitor ?

A
  • Derived from hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
  • differentiates into T, B, NK lymphocytes
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5
Q

What is a common myeloid progenitor ?

A
  • Derived from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
  • produces granulocyte and megakaryocyte
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6
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

• Bone marrow
• Thymus

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7
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

• Spleen
• Adenoids
• Tonsils
• Appendix
• Lymph nodes

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity ?

A
  1. Innate Immunity:
    - Rapid response, no memory, fixed specificity.
  2. Adaptive Immunity:
    - Slow response, memory formation, highly specific.
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9
Q

what are the 2 kinds of innate immune response ?

A
  • immediate
  • induced
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10
Q

what are 3 features of the immediate innate immune response ?

A
  1. Barriers: Skin, mucous membranes.
  2. Peptides: Destroy microbes directly.
  3. Complement System:
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11
Q

what is an antigen ?

A
  • part of the immunogen that reacts with immune effector cells or soluble anti-bodies
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12
Q

What are the 3 classifications of myeloid cells?

A

1) Granulocytes
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil

2) Antigen presenting cells
- monocytes
- macrophages
- dendritic cells

3) Mast cells

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13
Q

what are the 3 types of APC’s ?

A
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
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14
Q

what are the 2 classifications of lymphoid cells ?

A

1) Small lymphocytes
- B cells
- Tcells

2) Large lymphocytes
- NK cells

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15
Q

function of bone marrow?

A
  • B cells originate + mature
  • T cells originate + leave at immature stage
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16
Q

function of thymus ?

A
  • located above the heart
  • immature T cells migrate to complete maturation
17
Q

what is the key difference between primary and secondary lymphoid tissues ?

A
  • primary = lymphocytes are only produced and mature
  • so new immune response takes place - only in secondary
  • secondary = activation of lymphocytes
18
Q

what are the 3 types of secondary lymphoid tissues + functions ?

A

1)Lymphatic Vessels - transport lymph

2) Lymph Nodes - filter lymph

3) MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue) - specialised tissue in submucosal layers of GI, respiratory, urinary tracts
eg. adenoids, tonsils , appendix, peyer’s patches

19
Q

How do lymphocytes respond to infection in the lymph nodes?

A
  • pathogens are carried to lymph nodes through afferent lymphatic vessels
  • where they are trapped by dendritic cells and macrophages
  • B and T cells ‘meet’ the pathogens
    -become activated and undergo clonal expansion.
  • As lymphocytes proliferate, the lymph node increases in size, leading to swollen glands
20
Q

cells in innate vs adaptive immunity

A
  • innate = NK cells, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte
  • adaptive = B cell, T cell
  • both = macrophages + dendritic cells
21
Q

what is the complement system + and what is its role in immunity?

A
  • Group of nearly 30 serum and membrane proteins.
  • Act in an orderly sequence.
  • Initial activation leads to a highly regulated enzymatic cascade.
    Roles:
  • Activated proteins bind covalently to bacteria (acting as opsonins).
  • Opsonized bacteria are phagocytosed by immune cells with complement receptors.
22
Q

Classical pathway of complement system

A
  • Antibody-dependent and antibody-independent activation.
  • C4b acts as an opsonin, enhancing phagocytosis.
23
Q

Alternative pathway of complement system

A
  • Can be activated independently or dependent on the classical pathway.
  • C3b acts as an opsonin for phagocytosis.
  • C3a/C5a are pro-inflammatory molecules, promoting inflammation.
  • MAC (Membrane Attack Complex): causes lysis of pathogen
24
Q

what does MAC do ?

A
  • causes Lysis of pathogen
25
Q

What are the main phagocytic cells, and their key features?

A

Neutrophils:
- Short-lived cells.
- Multi-lobed nucleus
- Abundant at sites of acute inflammation.

Mononuclear phagocytes (Monocytes and Macrophages):
- Include blood monocytes, alveolar macrophages, etc.
- Longer-lived cells.
- Function as Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs).

26
Q

process of phagocytosis

A

1) Recognition and Attachment
- Receptors on phagocytes bind to microbes.
- Opsonin receptors: Phagocytosis is enhanced when microbes are coated with opsonins (like C3b and C4b)

2)Engulfment:
- The phagocyte’s plasma membrane surrounds the microbe, forming a phagosome.
- The phagosome then fuses with a lysosomal granule to form phagolysosome

3)Killing and Degradation:
- The lysosomal enzymes (e.g., elastase, lysozyme) within the phagosome kill and degrade the engulfed pathogen.

27
Q

What are cytokines ?

A
  • low molecular weight proteins (5-25 kDa) secreted by cells to regulate the activity, proliferation, or differentiation of other cells
  • types of cytokines = interleukins, chemokines, lymphokines
28
Q

3 role of cytokines in immune response ?

A
  1. Mediators and Regulators of Innate Immunity:
    - Produced mainly by mononuclear phagocytes (e.g.macrophages) + neutrophils in response to infectious agents.
  2. Mediators and Regulators of Adaptive Immunity:
    - Produced mainly by T lymphocytes in response to specific recognition of foreign antigens.
  3. Stimulators of Hematopoiesis:
    - Produced by bone marrow stromal cells, leukocytes, and other cells to stimulate the growth and differentiation of immature leukocytes.
29
Q

What are some cytokines produced by macrophages and their effects?

A
  • IL-1, IL-6, TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)
  • IL-1, IL-6, and TNF help induce fever, which inhibits bacterial and viral replication by raising the body temperature.
  • induce a state of inflammation
30
Q

what are the features of inflammation ?

A
  • vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • leukocyte migration
  • aim to bring immune cells to location of infection
31
Q

induced innate immune response ?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • cytokines
  • toll like receptor activation
  • Nk cells

S1 Pharmacology (20 decks)

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