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S1 Pharmacology > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What does FODMAP stand for ?

A
  • Fermentable
  • Oligosaccharide
  • Disaccharide
  • Monosaccharide
  • And
  • Polyols
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2
Q

What is an Oligosaccharide ?

A
  • made up of a few monosaccharide sugars up to 9
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3
Q

What is a Polyol ?

A
  • contains many hydroxyl groups
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4
Q

What is the structure of Glucose ?

A
  • 6 C
  • Aldehyde group (very reactive)
  • OH groups
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5
Q

Does Fischer or Haworth’s form of glucose contain more energy ?

A
  • Fischer (straight chain)
  • because aldehyde group has more energy
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6
Q

Which form is the natural form of glucose and why ?

A
  • cyclic form
  • less reactive so can be stored
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7
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides ?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
  • mannose
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8
Q

what are examples of disaccharides ?

A
  • maltose ( 2 x alpha glucose)
  • lactose (B glucose + galactose )
  • Sucrose (glucose + fructose )
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9
Q

what are examples of polysaccharides ?

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
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10
Q

what is starch made up of ?

A
  • amylose and amylopectin (both made of glucose)
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11
Q

what are differences between amylose and amylopectin ?

A
  • amylopectin is branched
  • amylopectin has 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds whereas amylose has 1-4
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12
Q

Structure of glycogen ?

A
  • more branched than amylopectin
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • insoluble in water
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13
Q

structure of cellulose ?

A
  • polymer of B glucose
  • unbranched
  • cell wall in plants
  • insoluble in water
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14
Q

How does FODMAP cause IBS ?

A
  • monosaccharides + disaccharides are fermentable
  • GI bacteria can ferment sugars
  • results in gases + bloating
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15
Q

How is fructose converted into mannitol ?

A
  • using MDH + co enzyme NADH
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16
Q

What is the difference in structure between mannitol and fructose ?

A
  • ketone group on C2 on F gets converted to OH
17
Q

What is the osmotic effect of mannitol ?

A
  • has high osmotic value
  • attracts gastro fluids
  • creates diarrhoea + loose stools
18
Q

What is conjugation of drugs ?

A
  • attaching a sugar molecule to make them more water soluble
19
Q

what sugar is used in the conjugation of drugs and why ?

A
  • Glucuronic acid
  • increases no of OH groups so more H bonding
20
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that adds glucuronic acid ?

A

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

S1 Pharmacology (33 decks)

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