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S1 Pharmacology > Nervous System 1 - CNS > Flashcards

Nervous System 1 - CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system ?

A
  • brain and spinal cord
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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system ?

A
  • afferent nerves = sensory neurons - messages from periphery to spinal cord (arrive)
  • efferent = motor neurons - messages from spinal cord to muscles / glands (exit)
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3
Q

What is motor division of the PNS divided into ?

A
  • autonomic nervous system = involuntary
  • somatic nervous system = voluntary
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4
Q

What is the myelin sheath ?

A
  • protective layer that wraps around the axon
  • aid in insulating axon
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5
Q

What is the role of Oligodendrocytes in the CNS ?

A
  • produce myelin
  • facilitate transmission
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6
Q

What is the role of Schwann cells in the PNS ?

A
  • produce myelin
  • facilitate transmission summarise
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7
Q

What are the roles of Astrocytes ?

A
  • enable homeostasis
  • Physical barrier/connector
  • Reuptake of neurotransmitters
  • Support neurons
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8
Q

What is the role of microglia ?

A
  • immune cells of the brain
  • phagocytose dead cells and debris
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9
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells ?

A
  • generate the blood-brain barrier
  • source of neural stem cells
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10
Q

What is the role of satellite cells in PNS ?

A
  • support cell bodies
  • similar to ependymal in CNS
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11
Q

Structure of a neuron ?

A

• Cell body (soma): control centre
• Dendrite = short, branched extension of a
nerve cell, impulses received from other cells at the synapsis and transmitted to the cell body
• Axons originate at axonal hillock
- Axon terminals – communicate with other neurones / muscles
• axon allows material to be transported from cell body to
axon terminal (and back)
• synapse =where axon terminal meets target cell

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12
Q

What are the 3 functional types of neurons ?

A

• Peripheral Nervous system
(1) Afferent or Sensory neurons (sense) signals from the periphery to CNS
(2) Efferent neurons = Motor neurons (respond) : signals from the CNS to the muscles/skin etc
• Central Nervous System
(3) Interneurons (integrate) connecting
brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the morphological types of neurons ?

A

• Bipolar (interneuron) - 2 axons
• Unipolar (sensory) - only one long axon , cell body in middle
• Multipolar (motor) - many dendrites
• Pyrimidal - small soma

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14
Q

What is a nerve ?

A
  • is a bundle of fibres that conduct impulses
    between the brain or spinal cord and another part
    of the body.
  • Nerves include fragments of neurons
    (axons) and non-neuronal cells (neuroglia)
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15
Q

What is membrane potential ?

A
  • is the difference in electrical charge between
    the inside and the outside of the neuron
    • Is fundamental to all cells
    • Is a result of ion gradients
  • -70mV
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16
Q

What is a nerve impulse ?

A
  • changes in membrane potential that travel down nerves
17
Q

Why is the cell membrane important in bioelectricity?

A
  • highly impermeable to ions
  • maintaining ion gradients essential for electrical signaling, such as the transmission of nerve impulses.
18
Q

What are excitable cells ?

A
  • membrane potential changes in response to stimuli
  • eg. Neurons
19
Q

What causes negative membrane potential in neurons ?

A
  • 2K+ in and 3Na+ actively pumped out
  • Ca2+ pumped out
  • inside more negative
20
Q

What directions do action potentials travel in ?

A
  • in one direction
  • from dendrites to axon
21
Q

What does the action potential change the membrane potential to ?

A

+ 30 mV

22
Q

Why is an action potential described as all or nothing ?

A
  • only occurs if threshold is reached
23
Q

What is required for an action potential to occur ?

A
  • stimulus has to be strong enough to reach threshold potential
24
Q

How is an action potential propagated down the axon ?

A
  • the action potential is propagated by voltage-sensitive sodium channels that open due to local changes in membrane potential.
25
Q

Why can the action potential only move in one direction?

A
  • Na+ channels behind the action potential become inactive
  • preventing the signal from moving backward and ensuring one-direction
  • also due to refractory period
  • area behind becomes hyperpolarised (too negative)
26
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses ?

A
  • Excitatory: Stimulus (AP) in second neurone, activate neurone number 2
  • eg. Glutamate causes depolarisation
    • Inhibitory: Stimulus in 1st makes an AP less likely to occur, inhibit neurone number 2
    -eg. GABA causes hyper polarisation
27
Q

What is summation ?

A
  • combination of graded potentials in the post-synaptic neuron
28
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A
  • higher functions
  • such as thinking, memory, and decision-making.
29
Q

What functions are controlled by the brainstem ?

A
  • controls involuntary functions like blood pressure, breathing, vomiting, and sleep/arousal.
30
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla.
31
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A
  • cerebellum coordinates balance and movement.
32
Q

What is the role of the diencephalon?

A
  • homeostasis
  • lies between the brainstem and cerebrum.
33
Q

What structures are part of the diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland.
34
Q

What are the functions of the 4 lobes ?

A
  • frontal = speech, problem solving, movement
  • parietal = sensory info
  • occipital = visual
  • temporal = audio
35
Q

What are the sub-cortical structures of the cerebrum?

A

• Basal ganglia: Motor control
• Limbic system: A and H
• Amygdala: Emotion and memory
• Hippocampus: Learning and memory (under temporal lobe)

36
Q

4 regions of spinal cord ?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
37
Q

How do sensory and motor nerves enter and exit the spinal cord?

A

• Sensory nerves enter via the dorsal root.
• Motor nerves leave via the ventral root.

S1 Pharmacology (24 decks)

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