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S1 Pharmacology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system + what is it’s functions ?

A
  • specialised ductless glands
  • secrete hormones into the bloodstream
  • response involved in metabolism, growth or reproduction
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2
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the endocrine system ?

A
  • central endocrine glands
  • peripheral endocrine glands
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3
Q

3 central endocrine glands

A
  • pituitary glands
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
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4
Q

4 peripheral endocrine glands

A
  • thyroid glands
  • adrenal glands
  • endocrine pancreas
  • parathyroid glands
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5
Q

what is the function of parathyroid glands ?

A
  • regulate level of calcium in the blood
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6
Q

what is the role of the thyroid gland ?

A
  • regulate metabolism
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7
Q

what is the function of the adrenal gland ?

A
  • help trigger fight or flight response
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8
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland ?

A
  • secretes melatonin (hormone of darkness)
  • promotes sleep
  • influences reproductive activity
  • located in the diencephalon in the brain
  • production stimulated by SCN (biological clock)
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9
Q

what is the function of the pancreas ?

A
  • regulated blood glucose levels by producing glucagon + insulin
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10
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland ?

A
  • master gland
  • secretes many different hormones which can effect other glands
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11
Q

function of the endocrine system

A
  • cellular metabolism
  • cell growth, development, reproduction
  • adaptive changes
  • control circulatory and digestive system
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12
Q

chemical classification of hormones in the endocrine system ?

A
  • amines, amino acids
  • polypeptides, proteins, glycoproteins
  • steroids
  • hydrophilic vs lipophilic
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13
Q

what is the most common type of hormone in the body?

A
  • peptide hormone
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14
Q

how and where are peptide/protein hormones synthesised?

A
  • by the vesicle-mediated pathway
  • synthesised in rER + packaged in vesicles
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15
Q

how and where are steroid hormones synthesised?

A
  • non-vesicle mediated pathway
  • synthesised is sER + directly released
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16
Q

what hormones use free + unbound transport ?

A
  • amine/peptide hormones
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17
Q

what hormones use protein carrier-bound transport ?

A
  • steroid + thyroid hormones
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18
Q

Hormone Secretion & Regulation

A

timing/pattern
- Pulsatile/Cyclical: Hormones are released in bursts
- Diurnal/Circadian Rhythm: Hormones follow daily or 24-hour patterns
negative-feedback control
- end-product inhibition

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19
Q

what are the types of hormone receptors?

A
  • nuclear/intracellular
  • cell surface receptors
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20
Q

what is hyposecretion ?

A
  • The endocrine gland secretes too little of its hormone
  • types = primary,secondary,tertiary
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21
Q

what is hyper-secretion ?

A
  • The endocrine gland secretes too much of its hormone.
  • types = primary, secondary,tertiary
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22
Q

what is abnormal target cell responsiveness + 2 types?

A
  • Changes in target cells that affect how they respond to hormones.
  • Receptor Down-Regulation (Hyporesponsiveness)
  • Receptor Up-Regulation (Hyperresponsiveness):
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23
Q

Where are the hypothalamus and pituitary glands located?

A
  • the hypothalamus and pituitary glands are located in the diencephalon of the brain.
    -the pituitary gland lies in a pocket of bone at the base of the brain.
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24
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands?

A
  • function cooperatively as the ‘master regulators’ of the endocrine system.
  • control critical homeostatic and metabolic functions.
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25
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland and their functions?

A
  • Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis): Secretes and releases 6 major hormones.
  • Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis): Stores and releases 2 hormones.
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26
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • brain’s coordinating centre for endocrine, behavioural, and autonomic nervous system functions
27
Q

How does the hypothalamus act as a neuroendocrine transducer?

A
  • receiving and integrating multiple brain signals.
  • converting signals into chemical messages.
    -releasing chemical messengers (hormones) to control the secretion of pituitary hormones.
    -pituitary hormones control the activity of peripheral endocrine glands.
28
Q

What are hypothalamic releasing hormones?

A
  • hormones produced by the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of other hormones from the anterior pituitary
29
Q

How do hypothalamic releasing hormones affect the anterior pituitary?

A
  • releasing hormones are sent to the anterior pituitary, which then releases its stored tropic hormones into the systemic circulation
30
Q

How are hypothalamic releasing hormones transported to the anterior pituitary?

A
  • action potentials trigger the release of hormones into the portal vessels, which carry them to the anterior pituitary
  • where they stimulate the release of tropic hormones.
31
Q

what is the role of Growth Hormone (GH)?

A
  • important role in intermediary metabolism
32
Q

what are the effects of Growth Hormone (GH) on metabolism?

A
  • Anti-insulin effects:
  • Increases lipolysis = leading to free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization and use as fuel.
  • Inhibits peripheral cellular glucose uptake = increases blood glucose levels and reduces the use of glucose as fuel.
33
Q

What regulates the secretion of Growth Hormone (GH)?

A
  • GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone) and somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
  • Ghrelin from the gastric fundus.
34
Q

How is Growth Hormone (GH) output related to growth?

A
  • GH output increases with size to maintain the concentration of GH pulses needed to sustain growth during childhood.
35
Q

What factors influence GH secretion?

A
  • nutritional state
36
Q

What other hormones are involved in physical growth?

A
  • Thyroxine
  • Sex steroids
37
Q

What happens if there is undersecretion + overproduction of (GH)?

A
  • dwarfism
  • gigantism
38
Q

what happens if there is overproduction of Growth Hormone (GH) after maturity?

A
  • after maturity, overproduction of GH causes acromegaly.
39
Q

what is the role of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in ?

A
  • stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles and promotes the ovarian secretion of oestrogen
    – promotes ovarian secretion of oestrogen (F)
    – Required for sperm production (M)
    – Secretion stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus
40
Q

what is the role of Luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

– Responsible for ovulation & development of the corpus luteum
(F)
– Regulates ovarian secretion of sex hormones (F)
– Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone (M)
– Secretion stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus

41
Q

what is the role of prolactin (PRL) ?

A
  • enhances breast development & milk production in females;
    elevated in pregnancy and lactation
    – Overproduction leads to infertility
    – Secretion inhibited by DA from hypothalamus (drugs
    dopamine antagonist)
42
Q

what is the role of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ?

A
  • Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
    – Promotes vascularisation & growth of the thyroid gland
    – Secretion stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus
43
Q

what is the role of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

– Stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex
– Controls growth of the adrenal cortex
– Secretion stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus
– Inhibiting pain/stress signal

44
Q

what are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
45
Q

what are the 2 types of posterior pituitary hormones ?

A
  • vasopressin
  • oxytocin
46
Q

what is the role vasopressin ?

A

– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
– Controls water balance in the body
– Promotes renal water re-absorption = regulation of plasma volume & osmotic pressure

47
Q

what is the role of oxytocin?

A

– Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth & milk
ejection during breast-feeding
– Secretion inhibited by DA from hypothalamus

48
Q

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A
  • Structure: Similar to ACTH.
  • Role in Animals: Regulates skin pigmentation by stimulating melanocytes and controls sodium excretion.
  • Mechanism: α-MSH binds to the MC-1 receptor on melanocytes, activating tyrosinase, which is required for melanin synthesis.
  • Human Significance: Mutations in the MC-1 receptor are linked to people who tan poorly
49
Q

location of thyroid gland ?

A
  • located in the neck below lathe rynx
  • 2 lobes of endocrine tissue joined by a narrow strip of gland (isthmus)
50
Q

what are the 2 cell types of the thyroid gland ?

A
  • foliicular cells = Secrete Tetra-iodothyronine (T4/thyroxine) and Tri-iodothyronine (T3), both iodine-containing hormones.
  • parafollicular cells =secrete calcitonin
51
Q

4 functions of thyroid hormone ?

A
  • effect on normal growth + CNS Development
  • effect on metabolic rate + heat production
  • effect on intermediary metabolism
  • effect on sympathetic activity
52
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on normal growth and CNS development?

A
  • Mediates normal growth through GH and IGF-1.
  • Stimulates GH secretion and hepatic production of IGF-1.
  • Promotes protein synthesis and skeletal growth via GH & IGF-1.
  • Required for normal nervous system development in infants and children
  • promotes normal CNS activity in adults.
53
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on metabolic rate and heat production?

A
  • Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect).
  • Main regulator of resting O2 consumption and energy expenditure.
54
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect intermediary metabolism?

A
  • Biphasic effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
55
Q

How does thyroid hormone affect sympathetic activity?

A
  • Increases cellular responsiveness to catecholamines through β-receptor upregulation.
56
Q

What are the two main components of the adrenal glands?

A
  • Adrenal Cortex (outer layer)
    Adrenal Medulla (inner layer)
57
Q

What 3 steroid hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone)
  • Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
  • Sex hormones (e.g., DHEA)
58
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A
  • The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines, including adrenaline (AD) and noradrenaline (NA)
59
Q

What is the role of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)?

A
  • helping maintain Na+ and K+ balance
  • regulate extracellular fluid (ECF) volume.
60
Q

What are the functions of glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

A
  • Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
  • Stress adaptation
  • Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects
61
Q

What are the functions of sex hormones (DHEA) from the adrenal glands?

A

-Supplements sex hormones secreted by the gonads
- Exerts minor effects on reproductive function
- Promotes protein anabolism and growth

62
Q

HPA Axis and Feedback System (body’s response to stress, pain, trauma etc)

A
  • Hypothalamus releases CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone).
  • CRH triggers the anterioir pituitary gland to release ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone).
  • ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol
  • targets tissues
63
Q

what is the main function of the adrenal medulla ?

A
  • reinforces fight or flight
    main functions:
    • inc respiratory rate
    • inc glycogenolysis = increased glucose mobilisation
    • inc lipolysis = increased mobilisation of free fatty acids
64
Q

what are the 3 types of cells in the islet of Langerhans ?

A
  • α - gulcagon
  • β - insulin (binsulin)
  • δ (delta) - somatostatin

S1 Pharmacology (20 decks)

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