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S1 Pharmacology > Nervous Sytem 2 - PNS > Flashcards

Nervous Sytem 2 - PNS Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 neurons make up the PNS ?

A
  • afferent/sensory neurons = signals from the periphery to CNS
  • efferent/motor neurons =CNS to the muscles/skin
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2
Q

What is the somatic nervous system ?

A
  • mainly controls voluntary movement
  • specifically refers to spinal nerves which control skeletal muscles
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3
Q

What do visceral sensory neurons monitor?

A
  • Temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes, and stretch in the visceral organs
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4
Q

How does the brain interpret signals from visceral sensory neurons?

A
  • as hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, or well-being.
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5
Q

How are receptors spread in visceral sensory neurons ?

A
  • receptors widely scattered
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6
Q

What do visceral sensory fibres conduct ?

A
  • conduct sensory impulses from internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to CNS
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7
Q

What is a visceral reflex ?

A
  • the reflex arc of the autonomic nervous system, produces a glandular or non-skeletal muscular response in internal organs (heart, GI tract organs)
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8
Q

What are the 2 types of visceral reflexes and what are the differences ?

A
  • spinal reflexes - e.g. defecation + micturition reflexes
  • peripheral neurons - only involves peripheral not spinal cord e.g. enteric nervous system = 3 neuron reflex arc within gut wall - called second brain
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9
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system ?

A
  • maintains internal environment
  • mostly involuntary
  • controls visceral functions (digestion, excretion, circulation)
  • modulates endocrine function
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10
Q

What is the ANS input ?

A
  • sensory neurones from peripheral organs send signal to hypothalamus + medulla
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11
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS output ?

A
  • sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons
  • have opposing actions
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12
Q

What do ANS nerves control ?

A
  • smooth muscle ( bronchioles , digestive system)
  • cardiac muscle ( control heart rate + contractile force)
  • secretory glands (adrenal medulla + salivary + sweat glands )
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13
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system ?

A
  • fight or flight
  • short term survival
  • increases energy availability
  • increase heart rate
  • increase lung capacity
  • increase blood flow to muscles
  • increase blood glucose
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14
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A
  • rest + digest
  • long term survival
  • reduces energy availability
  • Decrease heart rate
    – Decrease lung capacity
    – Increase blood flow to digestive system
    – Increase fat/glycogen stores
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15
Q

What are the 3 differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems ?

A
  • where the nerves originate = sympathetic in thoracolumbarvs parasympathetic in craniosacral
  • differences in neurotransmitters + receptor sub types
  • sympathetic releases noradrenaline (excitatory) vs parasympathetic releases acetylcholine (inhibitory)
  • location of ganglia (where 1st neuron meets the 2nd neuron )
  • parasympathetic = ganglia closer to target organ vs sympathetic closer to spinal cord
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16
Q

What are the structural differences between motor neurons and ANS neurons ?

A
  • motor has only 1 neurone (allows for faster response as ganglia slows down response)
  • ANS has 2 neurons
  • preganglionic neurone = from spinal cord to ganglia
  • postganglionic neurone = from ganglia to target/effector
17
Q

What are the functional differences between motor and ANS neurons ?

A
  • motor = part of somatic NS - controls voluntary movement
  • releases Ach causes contraction of skeletal muscles
  • ANS = preganglionic release Ach in both parasympathetic and sympathetic closer
  • whereas postganglionic = parasympathetic releases Ach and sympathetic release noradrenaline
18
Q

What neurotransmitters and involved in the sympathetic system, involving the adrenal pathway ?

A
  • pre-ganglionic releases Ach
  • post-ganglionic releases noradrenaline
    Adrenal pathway :
  • only has 1 neuron which is preganglionic = always releases Ach
  • release of Ach causes adrenal medulla to release hormone adrenaline
19
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in the parasympathetic system ?

A
  • pre-ganglionic releases Ach onto nicotinic Ach receptors on ganglion
  • this activates post-ganglionic neuron
  • post-ganglionic releases Ach onto musacrinic Ach receptors on target organ
20
Q

What are the key features + locations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ?

A
  • 5 subunits
  • 2 Ach binding sites
  • located in skeletal muscle + ganglia + adrenal medulla
  • no second messenger
  • rapid response
21
Q

What are the key features of muscarinic receptors ?

A
  • 7-TM GPCR
  • 3 subtypes
  • M1- brain + parietal cells (excitatory)
  • M2- heart (inhibitory)
  • M3 - smooth muscle / glands (excitatory)
  • 1 and 3 coupled to Gq protein (PLC—> IP3+ DAG increased levels of ca2+)
  • M2 coupled up to Gi protein
  • uses 2nd messenger / GPCR
22
Q

Effects of the fight or flight response - sympathetic on body ?

A

• Pupil dilation
• Increased heart rate
• Bronchodilation
• Decreased salivation
• Decreased digestion
• Decreased urination
• Decreased defecation
• Vasoconstriction near non-essential organs
• Vasodilation near muscles
• Inhibition of insulin secretion
• Glycogenolysis

23
Q

Which neurons are adrenergic vs cholinergic in the sympathetic nervous system ?

A
  • preganglionic = cholinergic (release Ach)
  • postganglionic = adrenergic (release ND/NE)
24
Q

Effects of rest + digest - parasympathetic on body?

A
  • Pupil constriction
    • Decreased heart rate
    • Bronchoconstriction
    • Increased salivation
    • Increased digestion
    • Increased urination
    • Increased defecation
    • Stimulation of insulin
    secretion
25
Q

Are the neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system adrenergic or cholinergic ?

A
  • both cholinergic
26
Q

What are the key features of adrenoreceptors ?

A
  • G-protein coupled (metabotropic)
  • alpha (α) and beta (β)
    • Respond to adrenaline, nor-
    adenaline
    • Adrenaline: Diverse actions
    depending on target
    • Depending on the downstream
    molecules that they activate
27
Q

What are the 5 main types of adrenergic receptors and what proteins are they coupled up to ?

A
  • α1 - coupled to Gq = activates PLC cleaves PiP2 into IP3 + DAG - inc Ca2+ conc
  • α2 - coupled to Gi = inhibits adenyl cyclase = reduces cAMP
  • β1, β2 , β3 coupled to Gs = activates adenyl cyclase = increases cAMP
28
Q

What are the functions of the 5 types of adrenergic receptors?

A
  • α1 - Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels = increase blood pressure
  • α2: Inhibits NE release
  • β1: Increases heart rate and contractility
  • β2: Relaxes smooth muscle (e.g., bronchodilation, vasodilation).
  • β3: Stimulates lipolysis (found in adipose tissue).

S1 Pharmacology (24 decks)

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