Blood Flashcards

1
Q

3 function of blood ?

A
  • transport substances
  • regulate life processes
  • affords protection against diseases
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2
Q

what are the 2 primary components of blood ?

A
  • plasma = 55%
  • formed elements = 45%
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3
Q

what is blood plasma + what is it % compositions ?

A
  • liquid in which peripheral blood cells are suspended
  • composed of 92% water , 7% proteins, renaming 1% = proteins, electrolytes, hormones
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4
Q

what are the formed elements of blood ?

A
  • erythroctyes (rbc)
  • leukoctes (wbc)
  • thrombocytes (platelets)
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5
Q

what is hematocrit ?

A
  • ratio of red blood cells to plasma
  • expressed as a percentage
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6
Q

structure and 2 functions of erythrocytes ?

A
  • biconcave discs
  • lack nucleus + organelles
  • cytosol contains hemoglobin
  • function :
    • transport O2 +
    • anucleate = expel their nucleus,
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7
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin?

A
  • 2 α-globin chains and 2 β-globin chains
  • each subunit has a heme group that binds oxygen.
  • the heme group contains an iron (Fe²⁺) atom,
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8
Q

effect of hypertonic solution on rbc ?

A
  • water moves out of rbc so it shrinks
  • forms crenated cells
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9
Q

effect of hypotonic solution on rbc ?

A
  • medium swell + lose characteristic biconcave disk shape
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10
Q

What is the shape of sickle cell red blood cells (RBCs)?

A
  • Sickle cell red blood cells (RBCs) have an abnormal crescent or sickle shape
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11
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A
  • immature red blood cells
  • increased amount of RNA gives red-blue colour
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12
Q

What are the two categories of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

A
  • Granulocytes = has bacteria-combating granules
  • Agranulocytes = no granules
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13
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes (contains granules) ?

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • end in PHIL
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14
Q

what are the 2 types of agranulocyes ?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
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15
Q

What are the key characteristics of neutrophils?

A
  • prominent nucleus segmented into 2-5 lobes
  • Cytoplasm: Contains glycogen, filaments, and micro-tubules
  • half-life = 6-8 hrs in blood; 1-4 days in tissue.
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16
Q

function of neutrophils ?

A
  • active phagocytes
  • first line of defense against microorganisms especially bacteria
17
Q

what are the key characteristics of eosinophil ?

A
  • bilobed nucleus (2)
  • cytoplasm: contains orange granules with major basic protein (MBP) (kills parasitic worms) and lysosomal enzymes
18
Q

function of eosinophil?

A
  • phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes
  • inactivate leukotrienes
    -a role in immune defense against parasitic infections.
19
Q

what are key characteristics of basophils ?

A
  • 2-3 lobed nucleus (often obscured by large dark-staining granules).
  • granules: Contain heparin, histamine, leukotrienes, serotonin, and chemotactic factors
  • similar to mast cells
20
Q

function of basophils ?

A
  • mediate hypersensitivity reactions by binding IgE antibodies
21
Q

What are the key characteristics and functions of monocytes?

A
  • Nucleus: Ovoid or kidney-shaped.
  • Cytoplasm: free ribosomes
  • life span of 5-8 days
  • spend a week in blood then become tissue macrophages
22
Q

function of monocytes ?

A
  • part of the mononuclear-phagocyte system, they ingest tissue debris and infectious agents
23
Q

What are the key characteristics and functions of lymphocytes?

A
  • nucleus: single, deeply-stained, spherical nucleus (big perfect circle)
  • types = B,T nutral killer cells (NK)
24
Q

function of lymphocytes ?

A
  • T cells: Cell-mediated immunity.
  • B cells: plasma cells - produce antibodies
  • NK cells: Kill infected or tumor cells.
25
Q

why are monocytes and lymphocytes referred to as mononuclear white blood cells ?

A
  • nuclei are not segmented
26
Q

What are the key characteristics and functions of platelets (thrombocytes)?

A

-non-nucleated flat,
round disks
* derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
* They are involved in the
hemostasis (stop bleeding!) –promote the coagulation cascade to form a blood clot.
* Thrombopoietin – a deficiency of platlets; may result in bruising and bleeding.
* Life span is 7-10 days.

27
Q

how do megakaryocytes form platelets ?

A
  • edges break off to form platelets
28
Q

What is the role of bone marrow in blood cell production?

A
  • specializes in the production of all formed elements of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
  • supports hematopoiesis
29
Q

What are hematopoietic tissues and what are their types?

A
  • actively or potentially produce blood cells (including platelets)
    1. myeloid tissues = ‘red marrow’ of bones
    2. lymphoid tissues = Part of the lymphatic system
30
Q

3 stages of blood clot formation ?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • temporary clot
  • coagulation
31
Q

Platelet Plug Formation ?

A
  • Exposed collagen binds
    and activates platelets.
  • Release of platelet factors
  • Factors attract more platelets.
  • Platelets aggregate into
    platelet plug.
32
Q

blood types and their antibodies ?

A
  • A = Anti-B
  • B = Anti-A
  • AB = none
  • O = has both Anti-B and Anti-A