Blood Flashcards
3 function of blood ?
- transport substances
- regulate life processes
- affords protection against diseases
what are the 2 primary components of blood ?
- plasma = 55%
- formed elements = 45%
what is blood plasma + what is it % compositions ?
- liquid in which peripheral blood cells are suspended
- composed of 92% water , 7% proteins, renaming 1% = proteins, electrolytes, hormones
what are the formed elements of blood ?
- erythroctyes (rbc)
- leukoctes (wbc)
- thrombocytes (platelets)
what is hematocrit ?
- ratio of red blood cells to plasma
- expressed as a percentage
structure and 2 functions of erythrocytes ?
- biconcave discs
- lack nucleus + organelles
- cytosol contains hemoglobin
- function :
- transport O2 +
- anucleate = expel their nucleus,
what is the structure of hemoglobin?
- 2 α-globin chains and 2 β-globin chains
- each subunit has a heme group that binds oxygen.
- the heme group contains an iron (Fe²⁺) atom,
effect of hypertonic solution on rbc ?
- water moves out of rbc so it shrinks
- forms crenated cells
effect of hypotonic solution on rbc ?
- medium swell + lose characteristic biconcave disk shape
What is the shape of sickle cell red blood cells (RBCs)?
- Sickle cell red blood cells (RBCs) have an abnormal crescent or sickle shape
What are reticulocytes?
- immature red blood cells
- increased amount of RNA gives red-blue colour
What are the two categories of leukocytes (white blood cells)?
- Granulocytes = has bacteria-combating granules
- Agranulocytes = no granules
what are the 3 types of granulocytes (contains granules) ?
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
- end in PHIL
what are the 2 types of agranulocyes ?
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
What are the key characteristics of neutrophils?
- prominent nucleus segmented into 2-5 lobes
- Cytoplasm: Contains glycogen, filaments, and micro-tubules
- half-life = 6-8 hrs in blood; 1-4 days in tissue.
function of neutrophils ?
- active phagocytes
- first line of defense against microorganisms especially bacteria
what are the key characteristics of eosinophil ?
- bilobed nucleus (2)
- cytoplasm: contains orange granules with major basic protein (MBP) (kills parasitic worms) and lysosomal enzymes
function of eosinophil?
- phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes
- inactivate leukotrienes
-a role in immune defense against parasitic infections.
what are key characteristics of basophils ?
- 2-3 lobed nucleus (often obscured by large dark-staining granules).
- granules: Contain heparin, histamine, leukotrienes, serotonin, and chemotactic factors
- similar to mast cells
function of basophils ?
- mediate hypersensitivity reactions by binding IgE antibodies
What are the key characteristics and functions of monocytes?
- Nucleus: Ovoid or kidney-shaped.
- Cytoplasm: free ribosomes
- life span of 5-8 days
- spend a week in blood then become tissue macrophages
function of monocytes ?
- part of the mononuclear-phagocyte system, they ingest tissue debris and infectious agents
What are the key characteristics and functions of lymphocytes?
- nucleus: single, deeply-stained, spherical nucleus (big perfect circle)
- types = B,T nutral killer cells (NK)
function of lymphocytes ?
- T cells: Cell-mediated immunity.
- B cells: plasma cells - produce antibodies
- NK cells: Kill infected or tumor cells.
why are monocytes and lymphocytes referred to as mononuclear white blood cells ?
- nuclei are not segmented
What are the key characteristics and functions of platelets (thrombocytes)?
-non-nucleated flat,
round disks
* derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
* They are involved in the
hemostasis (stop bleeding!) –promote the coagulation cascade to form a blood clot.
* Thrombopoietin – a deficiency of platlets; may result in bruising and bleeding.
* Life span is 7-10 days.
how do megakaryocytes form platelets ?
- edges break off to form platelets
What is the role of bone marrow in blood cell production?
- specializes in the production of all formed elements of blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
- supports hematopoiesis
What are hematopoietic tissues and what are their types?
- actively or potentially produce blood cells (including platelets)
1. myeloid tissues = ‘red marrow’ of bones
2. lymphoid tissues = Part of the lymphatic system
3 stages of blood clot formation ?
- vasoconstriction
- temporary clot
- coagulation
Platelet Plug Formation ?
- Exposed collagen binds
and activates platelets. - Release of platelet factors
- Factors attract more platelets.
- Platelets aggregate into
platelet plug.
blood types and their antibodies ?
- A = Anti-B
- B = Anti-A
- AB = none
- O = has both Anti-B and Anti-A