Respiratory System

Question 1

are composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium.

Answer 1

alveoli

Question 2

connect adjacent alveoli and equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs.

Answer 2

alveoli pores

Question 3

keep alveolar surfaces sterile, 2 million dead macrophages/hour carried by cilia – throat – swallowed.

Answer 3

alveoli macrophages

Question 4

chamber that connect to multiple individual alveoli, surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries, only to respond to stretching, and recoil; skeletal muscles would be too thick, (we do not want this to prevent gas flow to capillaries

Answer 4

alveolar sacs

Question 5

this is the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas

Answer 5

Boyle’s Law

Question 6

trachea branches into two primary bronchi (right/left), one on each lung secondary bronchi branch off primary; enter lung lobes

Answer 6

brochial tree

Question 7

like the arterioles of the cardiovascular system - varying bronchiole diameter controls the amount of resistance to airflow - extreme bronchoconstriction can almost completely block passage ways no cartilage, all smooth muscle.

Answer 7

bronchioles

Question 8

cuboidal epithelial cells with apical microvilli located within and distal to bronchioles.

Answer 8

club cells (clara cells)

Question 9

the pathway moving air; no gas exchange, includes all structures from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles, this also cleanses, warms and humidifies the air and cools the air on way out (maintains homeostasis), facilitates the exchange, needs a head for diffusion, lines with respiratory mucosa with cilia; traps and get rid of particles before they go into lungs; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Answer 9

conducting zone

Question 10

columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucin, a glycoprotein that is a major constituent of mucus.

Answer 10

goblet cells

Question 11

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood.

Answer 11

external respiration

Question 12

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Answer 12

internal respiration

Question 13

air enters throughexternal naresor nostrils of thenosepasses into the nasal cavity and then back into thepharynx

Answer 13

nose/pharynx

Question 14

nasal conchae increase surface area and swirl air through twists and turns

Answer 14

pharynx

Question 15

air enters larynx throughglottis(opening)uvula:end of soft palate, prevents air/food from going into the nasal cavity - made of 9 cartilages, ligaments, and skeletal muscles.

Answer 15

larynx

Question 16

projects over the glottis and covers the glottis during swallowing elastic cartilage; all other structures have hyaline cartilage

Answer 16

epiglottis

Question 17

Scroll-like structures within the nasal cavity that are composed of a core of thin bone surrounded by connective tissue and lined by respiratory epithelium.

Answer 17

nasal turbinates

Question 18

Tall, pseudostratified sensory epithelium within the caudal portions of the nasal cavity that contains a population of chemoreceptor cells, olfactory receptor cells, that generate the sensation of smell.

Answer 18

olfactory epithelium

Question 19

A pseudostratified mucosal epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells with apical cilia often admixed with goblet cells.

Answer 19

respiratory epithelium

Question 20

where simple diffusion of gases takes place Three layers.

Answer 20

respiratory membrane

Question 21

oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood circulation

Answer 21

transport

Question 22

Flattened squamous epithelial cells that line pulmonary alveoli and facilitate gas exchange.

Answer 22

Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)

Question 23

Polygonal to cuboidal epithelial cells within alveoli that secrete pulmonary surfactant and readily divide following tissue injury to type I alveolar cells.

Answer 23

Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)

Question 24

forms anterior and lateral surfaces of larynx; where adam’s apple is, testosterone makes it bigger.

Answer 24

thyroid cartilage

Question 25

windpipe; extends from cartilage of the larynx to branches of primary bronchi - walls supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages -open part of cartilages face posteriorly towards esophagus

Answer 25

trachea

Question 26

connects posterior of cartilage rings -contracts during coughing to expel mucus; coughing increases pressure, constricts the muscle, narrows diameter of trachea.

Answer 26

tracheal muscles

Question 27

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium withgoblet cells

Answer 27

mucosal layer of trachea

Question 28

connective tissue withseromucous glands(serum mucus)

Answer 28

submucosa layer of trachea

Question 29

the outermost layer of connective tissue encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Answer 29

adventitia layer of trachea wall

Question 30

forms a right of cartilage just inferior to thyroid cartilage, pairs of arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages

Answer 30

cricoid cartilage

Question 31

this breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 31

pulmonary ventilation

Question 32

supply blood with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration

Answer 32

respiration

Question 33

increased volume-decreased pressure - an active process beginning with muscle contraction - changes in thoracic volume and sequence of events during inspiration

Answer 33

inspiration

Question 34

quite expiration normally passive process - note: forced expiration is active process; uses abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostal muscles

Answer 34

expiration

Question 35

gas-liquid boundary, liquid molecules are more attracted to one another than gas resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid water- high surface tension; coats alveolar walls

Answer 35

alveolar surface tension

Question 36

reduces them to smallest size without surfactant to reduce surface tensions, alveoli would collapse

Answer 36

alveolar surface tension

Question 37

expandability or “stretchiness” of the lungs higher lung compliance makes it easier to expand lungs normally high due to distensibility of lung tissue and surfactant low compliance leads to difficulty in breathing

Answer 37

lung compliance

Question 38

the total amount of exchangeable air or the maximum amount of air that can be moved during one respiratory cycle

Answer 38

vital capacity

Question 39

function in respiration, olfaction, and speech

Answer 39

respiratory system

Question 40

this is the site of the gas exchange, microscopic structures, respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts – alveoli.

Answer 40

respiratory zone