Respiratory System Flashcards
are composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium.
alveoli
connect adjacent alveoli and equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs.
alveoli pores
keep alveolar surfaces sterile, 2 million dead macrophages/hour carried by cilia – throat – swallowed.
alveoli macrophages
chamber that connect to multiple individual alveoli, surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries, only to respond to stretching, and recoil; skeletal muscles would be too thick, (we do not want this to prevent gas flow to capillaries
alveolar sacs
this is the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas
Boyle’s Law
trachea branches into two primary bronchi (right/left), one on each lung secondary bronchi branch off primary; enter lung lobes
brochial tree
like the arterioles of the cardiovascular system - varying bronchiole diameter controls the amount of resistance to airflow - extreme bronchoconstriction can almost completely block passage ways no cartilage, all smooth muscle.
bronchioles
cuboidal epithelial cells with apical microvilli located within and distal to bronchioles.
club cells (clara cells)
the pathway moving air; no gas exchange, includes all structures from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles, this also cleanses, warms and humidifies the air and cools the air on way out (maintains homeostasis), facilitates the exchange, needs a head for diffusion, lines with respiratory mucosa with cilia; traps and get rid of particles before they go into lungs; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
conducting zone
columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucin, a glycoprotein that is a major constituent of mucus.
goblet cells
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood.
external respiration
oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
internal respiration
air enters throughexternal naresor nostrils of thenosepasses into the nasal cavity and then back into thepharynx
nose/pharynx
nasal conchae increase surface area and swirl air through twists and turns
pharynx
air enters larynx throughglottis(opening)uvula:end of soft palate, prevents air/food from going into the nasal cavity - made of 9 cartilages, ligaments, and skeletal muscles.
larynx
projects over the glottis and covers the glottis during swallowing elastic cartilage; all other structures have hyaline cartilage
epiglottis
Scroll-like structures within the nasal cavity that are composed of a core of thin bone surrounded by connective tissue and lined by respiratory epithelium.
nasal turbinates
Tall, pseudostratified sensory epithelium within the caudal portions of the nasal cavity that contains a population of chemoreceptor cells, olfactory receptor cells, that generate the sensation of smell.
olfactory epithelium
A pseudostratified mucosal epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells with apical cilia often admixed with goblet cells.
respiratory epithelium
where simple diffusion of gases takes place Three layers.
respiratory membrane
oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood circulation
transport
Flattened squamous epithelial cells that line pulmonary alveoli and facilitate gas exchange.
Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)
Polygonal to cuboidal epithelial cells within alveoli that secrete pulmonary surfactant and readily divide following tissue injury to type I alveolar cells.
Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)
forms anterior and lateral surfaces of larynx; where adam’s apple is, testosterone makes it bigger.
thyroid cartilage
windpipe; extends from cartilage of the larynx to branches of primary bronchi - walls supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages -open part of cartilages face posteriorly towards esophagus
trachea
connects posterior of cartilage rings -contracts during coughing to expel mucus; coughing increases pressure, constricts the muscle, narrows diameter of trachea.
tracheal muscles
ciliated pseudostratified epithelium withgoblet cells
mucosal layer of trachea
connective tissue withseromucous glands(serum mucus)
submucosa layer of trachea
the outermost layer of connective tissue encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
adventitia layer of trachea wall
forms a right of cartilage just inferior to thyroid cartilage, pairs of arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages
cricoid cartilage
this breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
supply blood with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration
respiration
increased volume-decreased pressure - an active process beginning with muscle contraction - changes in thoracic volume and sequence of events during inspiration
inspiration
quite expiration normally passive process - note: forced expiration is active process; uses abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostal muscles
expiration
gas-liquid boundary, liquid molecules are more attracted to one another than gas resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid water- high surface tension; coats alveolar walls
alveolar surface tension
reduces them to smallest size without surfactant to reduce surface tensions, alveoli would collapse
alveolar surface tension
expandability or “stretchiness” of the lungs higher lung compliance makes it easier to expand lungs normally high due to distensibility of lung tissue and surfactant low compliance leads to difficulty in breathing
lung compliance
the total amount of exchangeable air or the maximum amount of air that can be moved during one respiratory cycle
vital capacity
function in respiration, olfaction, and speech
respiratory system
this is the site of the gas exchange, microscopic structures, respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts – alveoli.
respiratory zone
