Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
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a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating
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reproductive system
2
Q
comprised of the gonads (ovaries), the tubular reproductive tract (uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vestibule) and the external genitalia
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female reproductive system
3
Q
produce sperm and male sex hormones
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testes
4
Q
produce eggs and female sex hormones
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ovaries
5
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produce milk
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mammary gland
6
Q
The accumulation of blood that fills the remains of the follicular antrum following ovulation.
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Corpus hemorrhagicum
7
Q
The structure formed following ovulation responsible for the production of progesterone.
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Corpus luteum
8
Q
The innermost glandular layer of the uterus.
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endometrium
9
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Embryonic precursors to the male tubular genitalia
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Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)
10
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The female genital ligament that attaches to and supports the uterine tube.
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mesosalpinx
11
Q
The middle layer of the uterus composed of smooth muscle
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myometrium
12
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Development and maturation of oocytes within the ovary
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oogenesis
13
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Ovarian structure that contains an oocyte and associated cells that support the development of the oocyte
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ovaria follicles
14
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Female gonadal organ that functions to produce ova and hormones
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ovary
15
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Embryonic precursors to the female tubular genitalia
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paramesonephric duct
16
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The outermost layer of the uterus composed of connective tissue and mesothelium
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perimetrium
17
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The female genital ligament that supports and envelopes the ovary
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mesovarium
18
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The internal genitalia include a three-part system of ducts:
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the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina
19
Q
produce egg cells and release them for fertilization
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ovaries
20
Q
where fertilized egg develops,?
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uterus
21
Q
No eggs are manufactured after birth – a female is born with a full set
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22
Q
first step in gonadal development takes place when the primordial germ cells migrate from the allantois (a portion of the placenta) to the genital ridge, the structure that will become the undifferentiated gonad
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23
Q
The secretion of testosterone from the Leydig cells and paramesonephric inhibitory hormone from the Sertoli cells induce the differentiation of the Wolffian body (mesonephros) and the Wolffian ducts (mesonephric ducts).
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24
Q
inhibits the development of the paramesonephric ducts
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Paramesonephric inhibitory hormone
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In the absence of developing testes and the presence of estrogens, the paramesonephric ducts develop into the uterus, uterine tubes, and cranial vagina. Estrogen also stimulates the development of female external genitalia, the caudal vagina, the vestibule, and the clitoris.
26
Ovarian function and development
1.) To produce ova
2.) as an endocrine gland (i.e. secrete mediators into the bloodstream to
act at a distant site).
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refers to the development of oocytes within the ovary. The process can be divided into three stages – fetal, prepuberty (resting stage) and puberty.
oogenesis
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During fetal oogenesis, the sex cords break down and the germ cells undergo enhanced mitosis.
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In most mammals, this prolonged mitotic activity ceases before or soon after birth. These cells arrest in prophase of meiosis I (primary oocytes), are enclosed in basal lamina surrounded by follicular cells, and are referred to as primordial follicles.
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✓ Primary oocytes enter a resting phase in which full maturation does not occur until stimulation by gonadotrophic hormones takes place (puberty)
✓ large numbers of post-mitotic germ cells (oogonia) and primary oocytes undergo atresia or death in the prenatal period, the prepuberty period, and the post-puberty period.
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also present in the medulla, which are cords of cells found in the medulla homologous to the rete testis.
rete ovarii
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A concavity forms in the ovary called
ovulation fossa
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✓Follicular Development
Development of the ovarian follicle is a sequential process which is primarily directed by the influence of gonadotrophins (follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]) and can be variable between species.
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The sequence of follicular development is
1.) primordial follicle
2.) primary follicle
3.) secondary follicle
4.) tertiary follicles.
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The organized stromal cells around the follicles are called
theca cells
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✓ Primary follicles still contain a primary oocyte but the follicular cells become more cuboidal and are now known as granulosa cells. Follicular (granulosa) cells proliferate (membrane granulosa) but are separated from the oocyte by a thick periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive basement membrane called the zona pellucida.
✓Secondary follicles start develop spaces between granulosa cells that coalesce to eventually form a large space called the follicular antrum. The granulosa cells secrete PAS positive material into these spaces. The stromal cells surrounding the follicle form two layers, the theca interna and the theca externa
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large preovulatory follicles which bulge from the surface of the ovary.
Graafian (tertiary, mature) follicles
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Once the follicular antrum is formed, the oocyte is surrounded by a remnant of granulosa cells called
cumulus oophorus
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The cells of the cumulus oophorus immediately adjacent to the oocyte are known as
the corona radiata
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involves the rupture of the follicle and release of the oocyte. This is induced by a surge of luteinizing hormone released by the anterior pituitary
ovulation
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formed soon after ovulation from hemorrhage into the remnants of the follicular structure resulting in a large blood clot
corpus hemorraghicum
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the main source of progesterone, which is important for the maintenance of pregnancy and synergistic with estrogen during estrus.
corpus luteum
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composed of the uterine tubes (oviducts), the uterine horns, the uterine body, the cervix, and the vagina.
female tubular genitalia
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are projections from each of the uterine horns which interface with each ovary
uterine tubes
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connects with the uterus
isthmus
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Egg fertilization usually occurs in
ampulla
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responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy and the transport of semen, although in some species, such as the horse, it is also the receptacle for semen
uterus
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The bicornuate uterus has two large uterine horns
uterine body and a single cervix – porcine, canine and feline, ruminants and equine.
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In canines, felines and swine, the uterine horns are highly developed. In cattle, sheep and horses, the uterine horns are poorly developed.
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have a duplex uterus
rodents and rabbits
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Deepest layer adjacent to the myometrium.
stratum basalis
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Broad intermediate layer with a spongy appearance
stratum spongiosum
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Superficial layer with a compact stromal appearance
stratum compactum
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is analogous to the muscular layers found in the small and large intestine. It is composed of smooth muscle arranged in an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer
myometrium
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is the outermost layer and is composed of loose connective tissue, lymphatics and small arteries and veins with an overlying mesothelial surface
perimetrium
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lies between the uterine body and the vaginal vault where it acts as a barrier during certain phases of the estrus cycle and during pregnancy.
cervix
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contains large numbers of goblet like cells with interspersed ciliated epithelium. The structure of the cervix exhibits species variability as well
bovine cervix
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have more prominent and numerous ridges which make uterine catheterization more difficult.
small ruminant
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is shorter (~ 6 cm) and has mucosal folds which are prominent at the caudal aspect but disappear cranially
equine cervix
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also short and has a dorsal fold of mucosa which extends into the vagina as well as transverse grooves.
canine cervix
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is long (~ 25 cm) and has numerous interdigitating mucosal prominences that occlude the lumen.
porcine cervix
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The vagina has three core functions:
✓It carries menstrual flow outside the body
✓It receives the male penis during sexual intercourse
✓It serves as a birth canal during labor.
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The vagina is composed of four layers:
✓the mucosa
✓the lamina propria
✓the muscularis
✓the adventitia
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The mucosa in all species, except the cow, is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
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The bovine vagina is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells.
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during this period the vagina contains large numbers of non-cornified, round to oval epithelial cells with large uniform nuclei. A few neutrophils may be present
anestrus
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during this period, large cornifying epithelial cells with shrunken or absent nuclei are present. Neutrophils are rare. Erythrocytes and bacteria may be present.
proestrus
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during this period, large cornified epithelial cells predominate. Many cells will not have nuclei. Erythrocytes are reduced.
estrus
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during this period, the smaller non-cornified epithelial cells reappear and neutrophils are dominant. Erythrocytes are rare.
diestrus
70
supports and suspends the ovaries in the peritoneum
mesovarium
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attaches to the uterine tube and portions of the ovary.
mesosalpinx
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mesometrium
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homologous to the penis. It is composed of the body, glans and preputial covering
clitoris
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are simply folds of skin just caudal to the opening of the vestibule.
labia
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oviduct is divided into the
infundibulum, the magnum, the isthmus and the shell gland
76
Ovarian follicles can reach a diameter of 30 mm, contain a single oocyte with a single layer of granulosa cells and a think theca interna and externa
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is the extension of the oviduct with a vascularized mucosa lined by pseudostratified columnar
infundibulum
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deposits the egg white and is lined by ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells.
magnum
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is responsible for formation of the shell membranes and is similar in structure to the magnum.
isthmus
80
essentially the avian uterus but does not allow for ova implantation
shell gland
81
avian vagina is similar in histologic structure to the shell gland and contains glands which store sperm in preparation for fertilization
82
An ovary contains thousands of immature egg cells.
83
During each menstrual cycle, causes one egg to begin development; this takes place inside a primary follicle.
follicle stimulating hormone
84
enlarges as its cells proliferate, and begins to fill with fluid, becoming a secondary follicle that moves to the ovary’s surface.
follicle
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causes the follicle to rupture and release the ripe egg–this is ovulation.
luteinizing hormone
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sperm and the egg are called
gametes
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When a sperm cell penetrates and fertilizes an egg, that genetic information combines. The 23 chromosomes from the sperm pair with 23 chromosomes in the egg, forming a 46- chromosome cell called a ZYGOTE
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contains undeveloped eggs, eggs in follicles at various stages of maturation, and empty
follicles forming corpora lutea.
ovary
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The bulk of the glandular tissue surrounding these follicles is known as
the stroma
90
MORULA STAGE
The zygote divides several times to form a solid blackberry-like cluster of 16–32 cells, the morula (derived from the Latin for “mulberry”). At around 3–4 days after fertilization the morula leaves the fallopian tube and enters the uterine cavity.
91
BLASTOCYST
About six days after fertilization, the cell cluster forms a hollow cavity and is known as a blastocyst. It floats within the uterus for around 48 hours before landing on the thick uterus lining (endometrium), which softens to aid implantation (burrowing of the blastocyst into the endometrium). The inner group of cells will become the embryo itself.
92
The disc develops three circular sheets called the primary germ layers:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
93
the earliest recognizable precursors of gametes, arise outside the gonads and migrate into the gonads during early embryonic development.
primordial germ cells
94
primarily to produce milk and colostrum for neonates
mammary gland
95
Concretions of casein and cellular debris also known as
corpora amylacea
96
sinus narrows to the lactiferous sinus also known as the
teat canal
