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Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating

A

reproductive system

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2
Q

comprised of the gonads (ovaries), the tubular reproductive tract (uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina and vestibule) and the external genitalia

A

female reproductive system

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3
Q

produce sperm and male sex hormones

A

testes

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4
Q

produce eggs and female sex hormones

A

ovaries

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5
Q

produce milk

A

mammary gland

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6
Q

The accumulation of blood that fills the remains of the follicular antrum following ovulation.

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

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7
Q

The structure formed following ovulation responsible for the production of progesterone.

A

Corpus luteum

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8
Q

The innermost glandular layer of the uterus.

A

endometrium

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9
Q

Embryonic precursors to the male tubular genitalia

A

Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)

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10
Q

The female genital ligament that attaches to and supports the uterine tube.

A

mesosalpinx

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11
Q

The middle layer of the uterus composed of smooth muscle

A

myometrium

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12
Q

Development and maturation of oocytes within the ovary

A

oogenesis

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13
Q

Ovarian structure that contains an oocyte and associated cells that support the development of the oocyte

A

ovaria follicles

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14
Q

Female gonadal organ that functions to produce ova and hormones

A

ovary

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15
Q

Embryonic precursors to the female tubular genitalia

A

paramesonephric duct

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16
Q

The outermost layer of the uterus composed of connective tissue and mesothelium

A

perimetrium

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17
Q

The female genital ligament that supports and envelopes the ovary

A

mesovarium

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18
Q

The internal genitalia include a three-part system of ducts:

A

the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina

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19
Q

produce egg cells and release them for fertilization

A

ovaries

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20
Q

where fertilized egg develops,?

A

uterus

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21
Q

No eggs are manufactured after birth – a female is born with a full set

A
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22
Q

first step in gonadal development takes place when the primordial germ cells migrate from the allantois (a portion of the placenta) to the genital ridge, the structure that will become the undifferentiated gonad

A
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23
Q

The secretion of testosterone from the Leydig cells and paramesonephric inhibitory hormone from the Sertoli cells induce the differentiation of the Wolffian body (mesonephros) and the Wolffian ducts (mesonephric ducts).

A
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24
Q

inhibits the development of the paramesonephric ducts

A

Paramesonephric inhibitory hormone

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25
Q

In the absence of developing testes and the presence of estrogens, the paramesonephric ducts develop into the uterus, uterine tubes, and cranial vagina. Estrogen also stimulates the development of female external genitalia, the caudal vagina, the vestibule, and the clitoris.

A
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26
Q

Ovarian function and development

A

1.) To produce ova
2.) as an endocrine gland (i.e. secrete mediators into the bloodstream to
act at a distant site).

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27
Q

refers to the development of oocytes within the ovary. The process can be divided into three stages – fetal, prepuberty (resting stage) and puberty.

A

oogenesis

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28
Q

During fetal oogenesis, the sex cords break down and the germ cells undergo enhanced mitosis.

A
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29
Q

In most mammals, this prolonged mitotic activity ceases before or soon after birth. These cells arrest in prophase of meiosis I (primary oocytes), are enclosed in basal lamina surrounded by follicular cells, and are referred to as primordial follicles.

A
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30
Q

✓ Primary oocytes enter a resting phase in which full maturation does not occur until stimulation by gonadotrophic hormones takes place (puberty)
✓ large numbers of post-mitotic germ cells (oogonia) and primary oocytes undergo atresia or death in the prenatal period, the prepuberty period, and the post-puberty period.

A
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31
Q

also present in the medulla, which are cords of cells found in the medulla homologous to the rete testis.

A

rete ovarii

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32
Q

A concavity forms in the ovary called

A

ovulation fossa

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33
Q

✓Follicular Development
Development of the ovarian follicle is a sequential process which is primarily directed by the influence of gonadotrophins (follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]) and can be variable between species.

A
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34
Q

The sequence of follicular development is

A

1.) primordial follicle
2.) primary follicle
3.) secondary follicle
4.) tertiary follicles.

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35
Q

The organized stromal cells around the follicles are called

A

theca cells

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36
Q

✓ Primary follicles still contain a primary oocyte but the follicular cells become more cuboidal and are now known as granulosa cells. Follicular (granulosa) cells proliferate (membrane granulosa) but are separated from the oocyte by a thick periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive basement membrane called the zona pellucida.
✓Secondary follicles start develop spaces between granulosa cells that coalesce to eventually form a large space called the follicular antrum. The granulosa cells secrete PAS positive material into these spaces. The stromal cells surrounding the follicle form two layers, the theca interna and the theca externa

A
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37
Q

large preovulatory follicles which bulge from the surface of the ovary.

A

Graafian (tertiary, mature) follicles

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38
Q

Once the follicular antrum is formed, the oocyte is surrounded by a remnant of granulosa cells called

A

cumulus oophorus

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39
Q

The cells of the cumulus oophorus immediately adjacent to the oocyte are known as

A

the corona radiata

40
Q

involves the rupture of the follicle and release of the oocyte. This is induced by a surge of luteinizing hormone released by the anterior pituitary

A

ovulation

41
Q

formed soon after ovulation from hemorrhage into the remnants of the follicular structure resulting in a large blood clot

A

corpus hemorraghicum

42
Q

the main source of progesterone, which is important for the maintenance of pregnancy and synergistic with estrogen during estrus.

A

corpus luteum

43
Q

composed of the uterine tubes (oviducts), the uterine horns, the uterine body, the cervix, and the vagina.

A

female tubular genitalia

44
Q

are projections from each of the uterine horns which interface with each ovary

A

uterine tubes

45
Q

connects with the uterus

A

isthmus

46
Q

Egg fertilization usually occurs in

A

ampulla

47
Q

responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy and the transport of semen, although in some species, such as the horse, it is also the receptacle for semen

A

uterus

48
Q

The bicornuate uterus has two large uterine horns

A

uterine body and a single cervix – porcine, canine and feline, ruminants and equine.

49
Q

In canines, felines and swine, the uterine horns are highly developed. In cattle, sheep and horses, the uterine horns are poorly developed.

A
50
Q

have a duplex uterus

A

rodents and rabbits

51
Q

Deepest layer adjacent to the myometrium.

A

stratum basalis

52
Q

Broad intermediate layer with a spongy appearance

A

stratum spongiosum

53
Q

Superficial layer with a compact stromal appearance

A

stratum compactum

54
Q

is analogous to the muscular layers found in the small and large intestine. It is composed of smooth muscle arranged in an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

A

myometrium

55
Q

is the outermost layer and is composed of loose connective tissue, lymphatics and small arteries and veins with an overlying mesothelial surface

A

perimetrium

56
Q

lies between the uterine body and the vaginal vault where it acts as a barrier during certain phases of the estrus cycle and during pregnancy.

A

cervix

57
Q

contains large numbers of goblet like cells with interspersed ciliated epithelium. The structure of the cervix exhibits species variability as well

A

bovine cervix

58
Q

have more prominent and numerous ridges which make uterine catheterization more difficult.

A

small ruminant

59
Q

is shorter (~ 6 cm) and has mucosal folds which are prominent at the caudal aspect but disappear cranially

A

equine cervix

60
Q

also short and has a dorsal fold of mucosa which extends into the vagina as well as transverse grooves.

A

canine cervix

61
Q

is long (~ 25 cm) and has numerous interdigitating mucosal prominences that occlude the lumen.

A

porcine cervix

62
Q

The vagina has three core functions:

A

✓It carries menstrual flow outside the body
✓It receives the male penis during sexual intercourse
✓It serves as a birth canal during labor.

63
Q

The vagina is composed of four layers:

A

✓the mucosa
✓the lamina propria
✓the muscularis
✓the adventitia

64
Q

The mucosa in all species, except the cow, is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

A
65
Q

The bovine vagina is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells.

A
66
Q

during this period the vagina contains large numbers of non-cornified, round to oval epithelial cells with large uniform nuclei. A few neutrophils may be present

A

anestrus

67
Q

during this period, large cornifying epithelial cells with shrunken or absent nuclei are present. Neutrophils are rare. Erythrocytes and bacteria may be present.

A

proestrus

68
Q

during this period, large cornified epithelial cells predominate. Many cells will not have nuclei. Erythrocytes are reduced.

A

estrus

69
Q

during this period, the smaller non-cornified epithelial cells reappear and neutrophils are dominant. Erythrocytes are rare.

A

diestrus

70
Q

supports and suspends the ovaries in the peritoneum

A

mesovarium

71
Q

attaches to the uterine tube and portions of the ovary.

A

mesosalpinx

72
Q

mesometrium

A
73
Q

homologous to the penis. It is composed of the body, glans and preputial covering

A

clitoris

74
Q

are simply folds of skin just caudal to the opening of the vestibule.

A

labia

75
Q

oviduct is divided into the

A

infundibulum, the magnum, the isthmus and the shell gland

76
Q

Ovarian follicles can reach a diameter of 30 mm, contain a single oocyte with a single layer of granulosa cells and a think theca interna and externa

A
77
Q

is the extension of the oviduct with a vascularized mucosa lined by pseudostratified columnar

A

infundibulum

78
Q

deposits the egg white and is lined by ciliated and nonciliated columnar cells.

A

magnum

79
Q

is responsible for formation of the shell membranes and is similar in structure to the magnum.

A

isthmus

80
Q

essentially the avian uterus but does not allow for ova implantation

A

shell gland

81
Q

avian vagina is similar in histologic structure to the shell gland and contains glands which store sperm in preparation for fertilization

A
82
Q

An ovary contains thousands of immature egg cells.

A
83
Q

During each menstrual cycle, causes one egg to begin development; this takes place inside a primary follicle.

A

follicle stimulating hormone

84
Q

enlarges as its cells proliferate, and begins to fill with fluid, becoming a secondary follicle that moves to the ovary’s surface.

A

follicle

85
Q

causes the follicle to rupture and release the ripe egg–this is ovulation.

A

luteinizing hormone

86
Q

sperm and the egg are called

A

gametes

87
Q

When a sperm cell penetrates and fertilizes an egg, that genetic information combines. The 23 chromosomes from the sperm pair with 23 chromosomes in the egg, forming a 46- chromosome cell called a ZYGOTE

A
88
Q

contains undeveloped eggs, eggs in follicles at various stages of maturation, and empty
follicles forming corpora lutea.

A

ovary

89
Q

The bulk of the glandular tissue surrounding these follicles is known as

A

the stroma

90
Q

MORULA STAGE

A

The zygote divides several times to form a solid blackberry-like cluster of 16–32 cells, the morula (derived from the Latin for “mulberry”). At around 3–4 days after fertilization the morula leaves the fallopian tube and enters the uterine cavity.

91
Q

BLASTOCYST

A

About six days after fertilization, the cell cluster forms a hollow cavity and is known as a blastocyst. It floats within the uterus for around 48 hours before landing on the thick uterus lining (endometrium), which softens to aid implantation (burrowing of the blastocyst into the endometrium). The inner group of cells will become the embryo itself.

92
Q

The disc develops three circular sheets called the primary germ layers:

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

93
Q

the earliest recognizable precursors of gametes, arise outside the gonads and migrate into the gonads during early embryonic development.

A

primordial germ cells

94
Q

primarily to produce milk and colostrum for neonates

A

mammary gland

95
Q

Concretions of casein and cellular debris also known as

A

corpora amylacea

96
Q

sinus narrows to the lactiferous sinus also known as the

A

teat canal

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) (15 decks)

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