Organization of Organ Flashcards
is a structure formed by a combination of two or more basic tissues
organ
organs are classified based on their morphology as?
tubular and parenchymatous
a hollow organ with a lumen (canal) and a wall
tubular organ
the wall consists of four coats or tunics that from the inner most or luminal surface to the outermost of peripheral surface are the?
tunica mucosa - tunica submucosa - tunica muscularis - tunica serosa - tunica adventitia
commonly called mucous membrane or wet membrane and kept moist by secretions from lining epithelial or glandular cells of mucosal or submucosal glands.
tunica mucosa
the innermost (luminal) coat (tunic) of a tubular organ composed of three layers or laminae. what are these?
lining epithelium, lamina propria, and lamina muscularis mucosae
second coat located beneath the tunica mucosa. loose CT, just like the lamina propria of the tunica mucosa. also contain blood vessels, nerves, autonomic ganglia and nerve plexuses. permits motility of tunica mucosa, which is an important feature of most tubular organs
tunica submucosa
third coat located beneath the tunica submucosa. generally, smooth muscle tissue arranged into two layers. maintains the tone of organ, size of lumen and movement of materials through the organ.
tunica muscularis
outermost coat composed of loose CT with blood vessels, nerves, myenteric ganglia and plexuses, and adipose cells.
tunica adventitia or tunica serosa
derived from splanchnic mesoderm, which forms the dorsal mesentery that suspends tubular organs from the dorsal body wall
tunica serosa
that suspends the stomach from the dorsal body wall
greater omentum
derived from somatic mesoderm that lines body cavities.
serous membrane
the serous membrane consists of loose CT overlaid by mesothelium that faces the coelom. a hollow organ with lumen (canal) and a wall.
tunica adventitia or tunica serosa
a solid organ composed of a stroma and a parenchyma
parenchymatous organ
connective tissue support or framework of a solid organ
stroma
loose CT or irregular DWFCT that envelops the solid organ
capsule
loose CT given off by the capsule that penetrate and divide the parenchyma into lobules.
septa
similar to septa but composed of irregular DWFCT
trabecula
parenchyma
• functional part of a solid organ
• groups of cell with a definite arrangement that perform the functions of a particular solid organ
• the cells are supported by a network of fine reticular, elastic or collagen fibers.
anatomic bone. anatomic muscle and nervous structures associated with these organs.
musculoskeletal system
nervous structures and organs derived from neural ectoderm
nervous system
heart that pumps blood and blood vessels that distribute and collect blood to and from all parts of the body
cardiovascular system
organs that produce lymphocytes filter blood and lymph
lymphatic system
organs that conduct air to and from the lung and structures involved in the actual exchange of gases inside the lung
respiratory system
kidney that produces urine and excretory ducts that convey urine from the kidney to outside of the body.
urinary system
organs involved in the prehension and digestion of food, excretion of fecal materials and absoption of nutrients.
digestive system
ductless glands derived from surface epithelia that secrete hormones
endocrine system
organs involved in the production of gametes and ducts that convey the gametes to outside of the body.
reproductive system
organs and structures that receive stimuli from the outside environment.
special sense organs
system is composed of skeletal muscles that form muscle organs, bones that comprise the bone organs, joints, tendons and nervous structures that act together to perform two specific and related functions, the support and movement of the body.
musculoskeletal system
refers to the bone studied in gross anatomy that gives support to the body and serves as a point of attachment of muscles. site of deposition of calcium, the mineral released into the circulating blood when the need
bone organ or anatomic bone
develops by endochondral ossification. cylindrical shape, with a wall that surrounds a marrow cavity. encapsulated with periosteum except in the articular surfaces. classified as long and short bone
tubular bone
is a tubular bone that forms the skeletal framework of the limbs. example of this bone are femur, radius, and tibia. the articular ends are covered with cartilage
long bone
parts of the growing long bone
• diaphysis or shaft
• metaphysis
• epiphyseal plate
• epiphysis
middle part or body of the long bone. outer surface of the shaft is covered with a tough collagenous CT, the periosteum that adheres to the surface of the bone.
diaphysis of shaft
part of the long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphyseal plate. site elongation and widening of the long bone. contains newly formed cancellous bone, which consists of columns of bones spicules
metaphysis
refer to the two distal ends of a long bone. site of elongation of the anatomic bone and rapid cartilage proliferation.
epiphysis
present in long bone of young animal. a narrow zone of growth that separates the metaphysis from the epiphysis
epiphyseal plate or growth plate
zone of non-dividing chondrocytes that lie adjacent to the epiphysis. typical hyaline cartilage. anchors the epiphyseal plate to.the epiphysis.
zone of hyaline cartilage
has chondrocytes that undergo mitosis. chondrocytes align themselves to form columns or stacks separated by columns of cartilage matrix called longitudinal septae.
zone of proliferation
similar to zone 2 in arrangement of chondrocytes but the chondrocytes and lacunae are larger and the columns are more obvious.
zone of maturation
a narrow zone adjacent to zone 3. and has a very large swollen chondrocytes and lacunae separated by very thin plates of cartilage called transverse septae.
zone of hypertrophy
located adjacent to the metaphysis. consists of degenerating chondrocytes and blood capillaries that originate from the metaphysis
zone of calcification
has the same structure as the long bone except that it has no epiphyseal plate.
short bone
develops by intramembranous ossification. makes up the bones of the skull/cranium, pelvis and shoulder blade. shaped like a santhich being made up of two layers of compact bone separated by a layer of cancellous bone.
flat bone
Muscle organ or anatomic organ
- refers to the skeletal muscles studied in gross anatomy like the gastrocnemius, etc.
- anatomic muscles can only contract not relax;
- a parenchymatous organ composed muscle fascicle
- each muscle fascicle consists of several skeletal myocytes/fibers arranged parallel to each other.
presents three gradations of connective tissue investment that transmit the force of contraction:
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
Epimysium
- irregular DWFCT capsule that enwraps the whole muscle organ
- called fascia by gross anatomists
- attached to the end points at which the muscle originates or inserts oil bone.
- provides something that contracting muscle to “pull on” so that work can be done.
- at the ends of an anatomic muscle the epimysium grades into the tendons that anchor.
perimysium
- visible grossly
- sheath of collagen fibers that encloses a muscle bundle or muscle fascicle
- a muscle fascicle is a group of skeletal myocytes
- extends from the epimysium to the interior of the muscle organ
- contains blood and lymphatic vessels and muscle stretch receptors
endomysium
- not visible grossly
- a delicate loose connective tissue sheath with collagen and reticular fibers that encloses individual skeletal myocytes
- grades without sharp demarcation into the perimysium
- collagen fibers are woven together to demarcate bundles of skeletal myocytes
- contains an extensive network or capillaries, lymph vessels and afferent nerves
- endomysium is crucial to muscle action accomplished
Structures associated with bone and muscles organs composed of?
tendon, joint or articulation, afferent nerve endings and efferent nerve endings
tendon
- regular DWFCT that attaches muscle organ to bone organ
- has tremendous tensile strength
- encapsulated by an irregular DWFCT called epitenon
- consists of bundles of collagen fibers, which correspond to muscle fascicles
- anchored to the bone by fibrous bone sheaths called annular ligaments
the ends of collagen fibers embedded in the bone or cartilage
sharpey’s fibers
structures that unite two or more bones together.
joints
morphologically classified into five types as;
° syndesmosis
° synchondrosis
° synostosis
° symphysis
° diarthrosis
joint wherein bones are connected by bands of dense white fibrous connective tissue. example is the cranial suture in the skull
syndesmosis
joint wherein bones are united by hyaline cartilage. example is epiphyseal plate. and Ultima converted to synostosis.
synchondrosis
joint wherein bones that develop separately become fused together.
synostosis
joint wherein boned capped by hyaline cartilage are joined by dense white fibrous connective tissue of fibrocartilage.
symphysis
joint wherein bones are connected by cartilage and synovial membranes. a sealed unit filled with fluid. consists of the articular cartilage, articular capsule and synovial fluid
diarthrosis or synovial joint
forms a cap over the ends of the epiphyses of adjacent tubular bones.
articular cartilage
connects with the periosteum of diaphysis at a transition zone called?
perichondral ring
contains small flattened chondrocytes
superficial zone
contains round chondrocytes arranged in groups or columns perpendicular to the articular surface.
intermediate zone
contains mature and hypertrophied chondrocytes
deep zone
point of union of articular cartilage and epiphysis.
mineralization zone
a sleeve-like structure that covers each end of a cartilage model that enters into the joint and extends along the sides of the model
articular or joint capsule
fibroelastic connective tissue that forms the wall of the joint space or cavity. the capsule present sharpey’s fibers.
fibrous capsule or layer
epithelium and underlying connective tissue that line the inner surface of the fibrous capsule
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
- fluid that fills the joint space
- a blood transudate with glycosaminoglycans particularly hyaluronic acid
- secreted by the lining cells of the synovial membrane
- it lubricates and protects the joint surface and provides nourishment to the articular cartilage
nervous structures
i. myoneural junction or motor endplate
ii. neuromuscular spindle apparatus or muscle spindle
iii. neurotendinous organ or golgi tendon organ
