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Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Responsible for providing and maintaining form in the body

A

Connective Tissue

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2
Q

Connective tissue divided into several types depending on;

A

✓ period of occurrence
✓ amount of intracellular substance
✓ arrangement of fibers
✓ presence of specific features

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3
Q

General characteristics of connective tissue

A

✓ made up of fewer cells that are set far apart
✓ supported by abundant intercellular substance
✓ contain connective tissue fiber
✓ different contents of intercellular substance, CT cells and fibers account

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4
Q

General functions of Connective Tissue

A

✓ provide a matrix that serves to connect and bind the cells and organs
✓ give mechanical support to the body
✓ storage of fat and certain minerals like calcium and bones
✓ exchange of metabolites between blood and tissues
✓ significant role in the repair and healing of wounds
✓ for protection against infection

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5
Q

functions of connective tissues

A

✓ CONNECT one tissue to another
✓ SUSPEND organs from the body wall
✓ INSULATE organs from mechanical damage
✓ account for the FORM of the organs
✓ serve as NUTRITIVE function as well
✓ aid in SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTION in conjunction with other tissues

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6
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

✓ loose CT
✓ Dense CT - regular & irregular

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7
Q

special properties of connective tissue

A

✓ adipose CT
✓ elastic CT
✓ hematopoietic CT
✓ mucous CT

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8
Q

supporting connective tissue

A

✓ cartilage
✓ bone

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9
Q

composition of connective tissue

A

✓ CT cells
✓ CT fibers
✓ intercellular or ground substance
✓ blood vessels - except in mucous CT and in cartilage

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10
Q

are immigrant cells usually from blood or bone marrow.

A

wandering cells

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11
Q

some retain their original characteristics and may take up permanent residence there;

A

✓ mast cells
✓ plasma cells
✓ pigment cells
✓ blood leukocytes

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12
Q

are native to the tissue in which they are found;

A
  1. undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
  2. fibroblast
  3. macrophages
  4. fat cells
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13
Q

eight resident cells

A

✓ fibroblasts
✓ mast cells
✓ pericytes
✓ fat or adipose cells
✓ macrophages
✓ mesenchymal cells
✓ foreign body giant cells
✓ reticular cells

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14
Q

remain undifferentiated in adult CT and constitute a reserve population of stem cells.

A

adventitial cells

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15
Q

often located along the walls of blood vessels

A

perivascular cells

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16
Q

capable of differentiation either into the usual cell types or into other cell type such as smooth muscle cells

A

pluripotential cells

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17
Q

unspecialised mesodermal tissue

A

mesenchymal CT

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18
Q

a more advanced stage of mesenchymal CT. Present in the Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord, comb, wattle of birds and lamina propria of omasum.

A

mucoid CT

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19
Q

intercellular substance - amorphous matrix and ground substance appears granular in proper fixation

A

principal component

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20
Q

fine collagen and elastic fibers and cells and mesenchymal cells.

A

minor component

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21
Q

Fibroblast classified as?

A

✓ lamellar or pyriform-shaped (youngest)
✓ spindle or fusiform (intermediate in age)
✓ stellate or star-shaped (mature)

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22
Q

Macrophages may either be?

A

✓ fixed or resting
✓ free, wandering

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23
Q

act as scavengers engulfing extravasated blood cells, dead cells, bacteria and foreign bodies.

A

macrophages

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24
Q

fully differentiated cells and are incapable of mitotic division

A

fat cells

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25
Q

found in most of the bulk of the human body

A

yellow or white

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26
Q

concerned with heat production, particularly important in newborn and young animals

A

brown fat cells

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27
Q

seven transient cells of CT

A

✓ plasma cells
✓ monocytes
✓ basophils
✓ pigment cells
✓ neutrophils
✓ lymphocytes
✓ eosinophils

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28
Q

plasma cells

A

✓ “activated” B lymphocytes
✓ very common cellular component of CT
✓ oval with eccentrically placed nucleus
✓ present in inflammatory sites, lymphatic organs, and in the lamina propria of the Gut
✓ differentiate from circulating blood CT
✓ principal producers of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that participate in the body’s humoral defense against infection

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29
Q

pigment cells or melanocytes

A

✓ pigment-containing cells of loose CT
✓ numerous in pigmented loose CT like in the core or the iris, ciliary body and ciliary process of the eye
✓ resemble the fibroblast but whose cytoplasm contains pigment granules that never invade the nucleus

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30
Q

found in the dermis of the skin, retina, choroid and iris of eyeball

A

dermal chromatophore

31
Q

found in common mole and are responsible for the manufacture of melanin granules

A

epidermal melanocytes

32
Q

smallest, with rounded nucleus which occupies most of the cytoplasm. Concerned with antibody production

A

lymphocytes

33
Q

first line of defense, seen in regions of acute inflammation. have a segmented nucleus (3-5 lobes) having fine granules which are purple or violet in color.

A

neutrophils

34
Q

largest, they have a kidney-shaped nucleus and are considered as the phagocytes of the blood

A

monocytes

35
Q

Colorless, transparent and homogenous. Fills the space between cells and fibers of the CT. It is viscous and acts as lubricant and also as a barrier to the penetration of the tissues by foreign particles.

A

ground substance

36
Q

Connective tissue Fibers

A
  1. collagen - formed by the protein collagen
  2. reticular - most abundant protein in the body
  3. elastic - composed mainly of the protein elastin
37
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

✓ most numerous fiber in CT
✓ fibers are colorless stands, but when present in great numbers, they cause the tissue in which it is lie to be white
✓ are inelastic and a tensile strength greater than steel
✓ imparts a unique combination of flexibility and strength to the tissues in which it lies

38
Q

most abundant and has a widespread distribution. Found in the dermis of the skin, tendons, bone, teeth and virtually all CT.

A

collagen type I

39
Q

present mainly in hyaline and elastic cartilage. only very thin fibrils are formed

A

collagen type II

40
Q

often found in association with type I and is probably the major collagenous components or reticular fibers. can copolymerize with other types of collagen

A

collagen type III

41
Q

is the major collagen type in basal lamina. does not form fibrils or fibers

A

collagen type IV

42
Q

present in fetal membranes and blood vessels and in small amounts in other tissues

A

collagen type V

43
Q

affinity to silver salts

A

argyrophilic fibers

44
Q

are extremely thin, with a diameter between 0.5 and 2 um. not visible in hematoxylin and eosin stains but can be easily stained black by impregnation with silver salts

A

reticular fibers

45
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

✓ consists of an albuminoid protein called elastin
✓ range in diameter from 0.1 to 10 um
✓ contains few charged amino acids so it stains poorly with standards ionic dyes
✓ special stains such as verhoeff’s stain anf Weigert’s resorcin-fushsin stains.
✓ are extremely pliable and elastic
✓ can be stretched to 150% of their length without breaking

46
Q

Adult connective tissue

A

✓ fibrous Connective Tissue/Proper CT
✓ Special Connective Tissue
✓ Supportive Connective Tissue
✓ Blood

47
Q

most numerous and important resident cell of loose CT. shape depends upon the location of the cells.

A

fibroblast

48
Q

process of scar formation

A

fibrosis

49
Q

fibroblast in a quiescent phase are termed?

A

fibrocytes

50
Q

is an anticoagulant (prevents blood clotting)

A

heparin

51
Q

increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction.

A

histamine

52
Q

oval cells with a small oval nucleus and coarse.

A

mast cells (tissue basophils)

53
Q

Macrophages (histiocytosis or clasmatocytes)

A

✓ very common phagocytic wandering cells in loose CT
✓ present in many organs to deal with routine contaminants
✓ highly specialized for phagocytosis of cells
✓ contain degradation products of cells
✓ derived from circulating blood monocytes that migrate to the CT

54
Q

Fat or Adipose cells

A

✓ white fat cells
✓ brown fat cells

55
Q

any cell type that occur around capillaries or small vessels where they intimately contact with the lining endothelium. cells are contractile having control on the size of the vascular lumen.

A

pericyte

56
Q

rare in loose CT; if present, could be fibroblast that have de-differentiated.

A

mesenchymal cells

57
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

✓ principal component is fiber
✓ fibers are arranged tightly together to make the CT thick or dense
✓ based on fiber orientation, is classified as irregular and regular.

58
Q

numerous fibers runs parallel to each other, an arrangement that confers tensile strength and stretch resistance.

A

regular dense CT

59
Q

a coarse network of collagen fibers arranged at RANDOM. More fibers and fewer cells that loose CT. also contain blood vessels and nerves bundle and ganglia. occurs in the reticular layer of the dermis of skin and in capsules of organs

A

irregular dense white CT

60
Q

another variant of areolar CT.

A

adipose tissue

61
Q

White adipose tissue

A

✓ wide distribution
✓ white adipose cells occur in cluster and may be angular in shape due to pressure they exert on each other
✓ chicken wire appearance

62
Q

Hematopoietic tissue

A

✓ variant of loose CT
✓ blood cells in various stages of development and maturation
✓ classified as myeloid and lymphatic tissues

63
Q

produces majority of blood cells

A

myeloid tissue

64
Q

highly cellular tissue blood cells in various stages of development, blood vessels and sinuses filled with erythrocytes

A

red bone marrow

65
Q

Features of Megakaryocytes

A

✓ actually a resident of the red bone marrow
✓ give rise to platelets
✓ large cell with a single large lobulated nucleus

66
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

✓ similar in location to red bone marrow
✓ white adipose cells
✓ developing cells
✓ similar to white adipose tissue except that it is located in the intertrabercular or interosseous spaces.

67
Q

produces the lymphocytes

A

lymphatic tissue

68
Q

dark peripheral zone of NLT that contains small lymphocytes with small dense nuclei and plasma cells.

A

Corona

69
Q

central area of NLT that contains B lymphocytes, lymphoblast and large lymphocytes with large pale nuclei

A

germinal center

70
Q

classified as solitary and aggregated NLT

A

Nodular lymphatic tissue

71
Q

occurs in the lamina propria of tubular organs or in parenchyma of solid organ

A

solitary lymphatic nodule

72
Q

three or more NTL’s that consolidated in the lamina propria and or t. submucosa of certain organs

A

aggregated lymphatic nodules

73
Q

two form of aggregated lymphatic nodules

A

✓ tonsil
✓ Peyer’s patches

74
Q

also called the intestinal tonsil

A

peyer’s patches

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology) (15 decks)

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