Respiratory Physiology 2

Question 1

What is Dalton’s law?

Answer 1

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would exert independently

Question 2

The pressure that a particular gas in a mixture exerts independently

Answer 2

partial pressure

Question 3

What percent of oxygen in the atmosphere

Answer 3

21%

Question 4

With increasing altitude, total and partial pressure of gases _______

Answer 4

decrease

Question 5

When does gas dissolved in fluid reach maximum value

Answer 5

when a liquid and gas (like blood and alveolar air) are at equilibrium

Question 6

What does the value of equilibrium between a gas and a liquid depend on according to Henry’s law?

Answer 6

solubility of gas in the fluid, temperature, and partial pressure of the gas

Question 7

What does the oxygen electrode measure?

Answer 7

dissolved oxygen in water or plasma, not o2 bound to hemoglobin

Question 8

At a normal PO2 what is the oxyhemoglobin saturation

Answer 8

97%

Question 9

What device measures oxyhemoglobin saturation

Answer 9

pulse oximeter

Question 10

T/F supplemental oxygen improves athletic performance

Answer 10

False

Question 11

Where is arterial blood gas test generally performed?

Answer 11

radial artery

Question 12

Why are values of arterial blood clinically significant but not venous blood?

Answer 12

because they are relatively constant and reflect lung function while venous is more variable

Question 13

Gas exchange for CO2 moves from _____ to _____

Answer 13

tissues to blood

Question 14

Breathing 100% oxygen below 2.5 atmospheres of pressure can lead to

Answer 14

oxygen toxicity

Question 15

“rapture of the deep”

Answer 15

nitrogen narcosis

Question 16

What happens in decompression sickness

Answer 16

if diver surfaces too quickly nitrogen gas bubbles form and blood small vessels

Question 17

How to treat decompression sickness and what law explains the treatment

Answer 17

hyperbaric oxygen therapy, Boyles law

Question 18

What else can HBOT treat?

Answer 18

gas gangrene and carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 19

Where is the respiratory control center?

Answer 19

medulla oblongata

Question 20

What controls automatic breathing?

Answer 20

rhymicity center, central and peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 21

Where are central chemoreceptors located

Answer 21

medulla oblongata

Question 22

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?Te

Answer 22

aortic bodies and carotid bodies

Question 23

What chemoreceptors send info to medulla via the vagus nerve and what sends info via the glossopharangeal nerve?

Answer 23

aortic, carotid

Question 24

Brainstem dysfunction that leads to fatal apnea when sleeping

Answer 24

ondine’s curse

Question 25

Two ways to get ondine’s curse

Answer 25

trauma to brainstem or congenital central hypoventilation syndrom

Question 26

How to treat a defective gene in the retrotrapezoid nucleus of the medulla

Answer 26

ventilation and tracheostomy

Question 27

Hypoventilation leads to

Answer 27

rise in PCO2 and fall in pH (acidic

Question 28

Why does blood oxygen content decrease more slowly than CO2

Answer 28

becase of reservoir in hemoglobin

Question 29

What is more immediately affected by changes in ventilation

Answer 29

PCO2 and pH

Question 30

Other names for hypoventilation and hyperventilation

Answer 30

hypercapnia and hypocapnia

Question 31

What stimulates a newborn to take its first breath? And what do they primarily use to breath?

Answer 31

buildup of CO2 and fall in pH, nose

Question 32

Hyperventilation in swimmers can lead to

Answer 32

shallow water blackout

Question 33

What process occurs that could lead to death in swimmers from hyperventilation?

Answer 33

hypervenilation- blows off CO2–>respiratory alkalosis–>vigorous swimming reduces oxygen levels (weak stim for breathing)–> insufficient O2 for aerobic metabolism–> ATP levels drop in the brain–> unconsciousness

Question 34

aortic and carotid bodies are stimulated by _____ while the medulla chemoreceptors are stimulated by _____

Answer 34

H+, PCO2

Question 35

Immediate increase in ventilation is produced by _____ but ____ is ultimately responsible for most of the increased ventilation in response to arterial PCO2 increases

Answer 35

peripheral chemoreceptors, chemoreceptors in the medulla

Question 36

How does hypocapnia affect calcium

Answer 36

lowers plasma calcium—> tetany

Question 37

How does blood PO2 affect breathing

Answer 37

indirectly by influencing the chemorecptor sensitivity changes to PCO2

Question 38

When oxygen can significantly stimulate ventilation

Answer 38

hypoxic drive

Question 39

The direct effect of PO2 on carotid bodies is carried out by

Answer 39

glomus cells in carotid bodies

Question 40

How are people with emphysema stimulated to breath and why?

Answer 40

hypoxic drive, because chemoreceptor response becomes sensitized to chronically high CO2

Question 41

Why is the way people with emphysema stimulated to breath medically important?

Answer 41

If you give them an oxygen mask they may stop breathing, so you need to manually ventilate for them

Question 42

Another name for SIDS

Answer 42

crib death

Question 43

Hypothesized cause of SIDS

Answer 43

failure of central or peripheral chemorecptors to detect rise in CO2

Question 44

dangers of obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 44

pulmonary hypertension and right ventricle hypertrophy

Question 45

Treatment of sleep apnea

Answer 45

continuous positive airway pressure