Reproduction Revealed 10-12 Flashcards
Most reliable form of birth control
abstinence
Ways to chart ovulation
mittelschmerz, basal body temp, spinnbarkeit, changes in raising/lowering cervix, mood changes
Oral contraceptives contain what?
estrogen and progesterone
Ovulation never occurs because the entire cycle is a like
a false luteal phase
When is conception most likely to take place?
1-2 days before conception
What method involves measuring basal body temp upon waking to determine when ovulation occured
the rhythm method
Andy refers to the luteal phase as
the honeymoon phase
Barrier methods for birth control
diaphragm, cervical cap both with spermicide
Female equivalent of a vasectomy
tubal ligation
During postmenopausal years, the ovaries
are depleted of follicles and stop secreting estradiol and inhibin
only estrogen found in postmenopausal women and cells that make it
estrone, mesenchymal
What produces the “Hot flashes”
vasomotor disturbance
the ability of 10% of sperm to fertilize an ovum
capacitation
The pH of sperm cytoplasm _____ and activates ___ in the flagellum
d\increases, dynein
Rise in pH opens what channels to allow what to enter?
Catsper, calcium
What guides the sperm toward the ovum?
chemotaxis, thermotaxis
Binding the sperm with the zona pellucida triggers what?
acrosome reaction and entry of calcium
Fertilization stimulates what change in the ER of the oocyte?
Ca2+ wave
The fertilization of the egg with many sperm
polyspermy
a single zygote that splits to become 2 embryos
monozygotic
All mitochondiral DNA is inherited from
mother’s oocyte
In vitro fertilization giving a woman injection of what to stimulate what?
gonadotropin, ovarian hyperstimulation
Fertilization of the oocytes in vitro fertilization is produced by
intracytoplasmic sperm injection, injection straight through the zona pellucida
When egg implants outside of the womb
ectopic pregnancy
can terminate pregnancy with what chemotherapy drug?
methotrexate
Where was the embryo implanted in the vital signs article?
muscular wall of the uterus
The third cleavage produces a
morula
2 parts of a blastocyst
inner cell mass, surrounding chorion
What cells form the chorion
trophoblast cells
On the _____ day the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall with the ____ positioned against the endometrium
6th, inner cell mass
Another word for implantation
nidation
Most of lost pregnancies are due to
failure of implantation
Pregnancy tests use ____ to detect ______
monoclonal antibodies, human chorionic gonadotropin
What hormone is hCG identical to and what effect does it have
lutenizing, maintains corpus luteum so no fall in estradiol or progesterone
The chorion splits into 2 layers called
cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
What layter of the inner cell mass with become the nervous system and skin?
ectoderm
Leafy appering structure formed from the cytotrophoblast
chorion frondosum
If perfusion of the uterus is inadequate then what happens
preeclampsia
The placenta prodces peripheral generation of Treg cells why
its immunologically privelaged
maternal tissue in contact with the chorion frondosum
decidua basalis
What two things form the placenta
chrion frondosum and decidua basalis
Why can amniocentesis help early detection of disease in fetus
because the fluid contains the genetic composition of the cells
microscopic observation of chrmomsomes
karyotyping
biochemical analysis of dna using
chromosomal microarrays
Abnormal number of chromosomes occurs in what two disorders
Down’s syndrome and Turner’s syndrome
What provides larger numbers of fetal cells than amniocentesis and can be performed earlier in pregnancy
chorionic villus sampling
Mother’s blood plasma can now test for
sex of fetus
