Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Kidney's Part 1 > Flashcards

Kidney's Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the kidneys regulate

A

blood volume (pressure, concentration of waste, concentration of electrolytes, pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is urine produced in kidneys drained into?

A

urine pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is the outer cortex of the kidneys reddish brown?

A

many capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What separates renal pyramids

A

renal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

each pyramid projects into a small depression called a _____ which unite to form _____

A

minor calyx, major calyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is the ureter similar to the digestive tract?

A

peristaltic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What controls wavelike contratins in the ureter?

A

pacemake in the calyces and pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Kidney stones also called

A

nephrolithiases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how to treat severe kidney stones?

A

lithotripsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What drains the urinary bladder?

A

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What stands in front of the bladder in men?

A

prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the muscular wall in the urinary bladder?

A

detrusor muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What innervates the smooth muscle of the bladder and what stimulates it?

A

parasympathetic neurons- ach stimulates muscarinic ach in detrusor muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in the urethra, the ____ sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and the _____ is composed of smooth muscle

A

external urethral sphincter, internal urethral sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What exercise can help incontinence?

A

kegel’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

process of urination

A

micturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When the bladder is stretched, this stimulation evokes

A

voiding reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the micturation center?

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of nerves innervate the external urethral sphincter and what specific nerve is stimulated?

A

somatic motor neurons, pudendal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What reflex permits bladder filling

A

guarding reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Urine leakage due to sneezing, coughing, laughing

A

stress urinary incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kinds of tests diagnose urinary incontinence?

A

urodynamic testing, cystometric test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What surgery can treat urinary incontinence

A

sling surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is another name for a urinary catheter?

A

foley catheter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Journey of blood from entrance to kidney to to the capillary network surround the renal tubules

A

renal arter, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arterioles, glomeruli, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is unique about the blood vessels of the kidneys

A

It is only one which a capillary bed (glomerulus) is drained by an arteriole (rather than vein) and delivered to a second capillary bed (peritubular capillaries_

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Order of nephron tubules

A

glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle (nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs), distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What composes the renal corpuscle

A

the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule and the glomerulus inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Reabsorption of salt, water, and other things are transported though what into what

A

tubular cells into peritubular capilaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

A

renal cortex

32
Q

What carries fluid into the medulla and what returns it to the cortex?

A

descending limb, ascending limb

33
Q

Characteristics of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

inner one third of cortex, next to medulla, have longer nephron loops

34
Q

Most common type of nephron

A

cortical nephron

35
Q

when is filtrate considered urine?

A

as it passes through renal pyramid

36
Q

What are the pores called in the glomerular endothelium and what can they preven the passage of?

A

fenestrations, rbc’s, wbc’s and platalets

37
Q

What is the first filtration barrier?

A

capillary fenestrae

38
Q

What is the second filtration barrier and what is it made of?

A

glomerular basement membrane made of collagen IV and proteogycans

39
Q

How could a genetic defect in collagen IV affect kidneys?

A

produce glomerulonephritis (alport’s syndrome)

40
Q

Fluid filled cysts that form in the nephron

A

Polycyctic kidney disease

41
Q

Inherited PKD is called what and what proteins are responsible?

A

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, polycystin 1 and polycystin 2

42
Q

Where is the third filtration barrier?

A

inner (visceral) layer of glomerular capsule

43
Q

What is the third filtration barrier composed of?

A

podocytes and foot processes

44
Q

What is the last potentital filtration barrier?

A

slit diaphragm

45
Q

Defect where wold cause proteinuria?

A

slit diaphragm

46
Q

Fluid that enters the glomerular capsule is called what and formed by what?

A

filtrate (ultrafiltrate), formed by hydrostatic pressure of blood from left ventricular systole

47
Q

Filtrate formation is similar to tissule fluid formation via

A

starling forces

48
Q

How does severe dehydration lead to acidosis?

A

decreases bp and blood volume, increases transit time to remove wastes which leads to more retention of metabolic wastes, and decreases glomerular filtration rate so less wastes enter the capsule for elimination

49
Q

high plasma urea concentration

A

uremia

50
Q

The volume of filtrate porduced by both kidneys in a minte

A

glomerular filtration rate

51
Q

GFR average per day

A

45 gallons

52
Q

vasoconstriction or vasodilation of what vessels affects the GFR?

A

afferent arterioles

53
Q

How would increased sympathetic nerve activity affect GFR and urine production

A

both decrease

54
Q

Cardiogenic shock would ______ afferent arterioles

A

vasoconstrict

55
Q

What is the minimum urine per day needed to excrete metabolic wastes?

A

400ml, obligatory water loss

56
Q

Where is most of glomerular filtrate reabsorbed in a constant, unregulated way and how?

A

proximal tubules and descending limbs of the nephron loops, osmosis

57
Q

How does the osmolality of filtrate compare to plasma, and how does this affect reabsorption by osmosis?

A

isosmotic, must create concentration gradient

58
Q

Reabsorption in the PROXIMAL tubule occurs by _____ transport of _____ out of the ____ followed by ____ transport of _____ and ____ follows by osmosis. All of these enter ____

A

active, sodium, filtrate, passive, chloride, water, peritubular capillaries

59
Q

Reabsorption of salt and water occus constantly w/o hormone regulation where?

A

proximal tubule and descending limb

60
Q

What percent of the initial filtrate is actually altered to maintain homeostasis?

A

15%

61
Q

Where does fine tuning of reabsorption occur?

A

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

62
Q

In order for water to be reabsorbed by osmosis, the surrounding interstitial fluid must be

A

hypertonic

63
Q

What segment of the ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule?

A

thick segment

64
Q

What happens to the ions in the ascending loop of henle

A

Na+ moves passively from filtrate into tubular cells, this powers secondary active transport of K+ and CL- into filtrate, Na+ is the actively transported out and CL- follows

65
Q

The fluid entering the distal tubule is _____ and the interstitial fluid is ____

A

hypotonic, hypertonic

66
Q

Why is the fluid in the distal tubule hypotonic

A

because the ascending loop of henle is not permeable to water

67
Q

What secretes vasopressin?

A

posterior pituitary

68
Q

How does ADH regulate water reabsorption

A

ADH binds to receptors in collecting duct and stimulates cAMP which causes exocytosis of aquaporins–> more reabsorption and less urine

69
Q

Where is the thirst center?

A

hypothalamus

70
Q

What tract facilitates the production and then secretion of ADH?

A

hypothalamo hypophyseal tract

71
Q

Drinking sea water leads to

A

osmotic diuresis

72
Q

Main symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A

polyuria, thirsts, polydipsia

73
Q

type of diabetes caused by inadequate sercretion of ADH?

A

central diabetes insipidus

74
Q

Diabetes caused by inability of kidneys to respond to ADH?

A

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

75
Q

synthetic ADH

A

desmopressin

76
Q

“kidney on fire”

A

pyelonephritis

77
Q

What test was ordered for the young woman who couldn’t stop vomitting

A

urinalysis

Human Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions