Respiratory Physiology #1

Question 1

3 functions of respiration

Answer 1

ventilation, gas exchange, oxygen utilization

Question 2

What is external respiration

Answer 2

ventilation and exchange of gases between air and blood

Question 3

What is internal respiration?

Answer 3

ventilation and exchange of gases between blood and other tissues

Question 4

What kind of respiration are pulmonary vessels involved with

Answer 4

external respiration

Question 5

What is most of the air we exhale made of

Answer 5

nitrogen

Question 6

gas exchange with the blood occurs primarily throgh

Answer 6

type 1 alveolar cells

Question 7

What is the purpose of type 2 alveolar cells

Answer 7

secrete pulmonary surfactant (reabsorb soldium and water and prevent fluid buildup in alveoli)

Question 8

Where do clusters of alveoli occur

Answer 8

the ends of respiratory bronchioles

Question 9

What are the trunk, leaves and twigs of the respiratory trees?

Answer 9

trachea, alveoli, bronchioles

Question 10

What are the narrow airways that don’t have alveoli or contribue to gas exchange

Answer 10

terminal bronchioles

Question 11

What are the zones of the respiratory system?

Answer 11

respiratory zone and conducting zone

Question 12

The right and left primary bronchi are continuous with the

Answer 12

trachea

Question 13

Valvelike opening between vocal folds

Answer 13

glottis

Question 14

Operation that allows breathing when trachea is occluded

Answer 14

Tracheotomy

Question 15

Conducting zone of respiratory system from beginning to end

Answer 15

mouth, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles

Question 16

Why do men have adam’s apples

Answer 16

testosterone causes cartilage to grow

Question 17

true vocal cords

Answer 17

vocal folds

Question 18

false vocal cord

Answer 18

ventricular folds

Question 19

alveolar macrophages

Answer 19

dust cells

Question 20

What moves mucus along to filter inspired air?

Answer 20

mucociliary escalator

Question 21

superficial and deep layer of the the lungs

Answer 21

pleural membranes (parietal and visceral pleura)

Question 22

potential space between pleural membranes

Answer 22

intrapleural space

Question 23

,Inspiration causes intrapulmonary pressure to be

Answer 23

subatmospheric (negative) pressure

Question 24

What law explains how the pressure of a quantity of gas in inversely proportional to its volume

Answer 24

Boyles law

Question 25

When air enters the pleural space without trauma

Answer 25

spontaneous pneumothorax

Question 26

An open chest wound can lead to

Answer 26

tension pneumothorax

Question 27

The ability of lungs to expand when stretched

Answer 27

compliance

Question 28

Lungs get smaller when this tension is released

Answer 28

elasticity

Question 29

What aids the tendency of lungs to get smaller

Answer 29

surface tension within alveoli

Question 30

What property of the lungs is damaged in emphysema

Answer 30

elasticity

Question 31

Filling the lungs with concrete would affect what property of the lungs?

Answer 31

distension (compliance)

Question 32

infiltration of lung tissue with connective tissue, what does this affect

Answer 32

pulmonary fibrosis, decreases lung compliance

Question 33

What is vital capacity

Answer 33

max amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after max inhalation

Question 34

How are lung disorders classified

Answer 34

restrictive or obstructive

Question 35

What is reduced in restrictive disorders and what is an example

Answer 35

vital capacity is reduced below normal, pulmonary fibrosis

Question 36

How are obstructive disorders diagnosed?

Answer 36

forced expiratory volume test- % of vital capacity that can be exhaled in the first second (FEV1)

Question 37

T/F lung tissue is damaged in obstructive disorders

Answer 37

false

Question 38

shortness of breath

Answer 38

dyspnea

Question 39

What is the total minute voluume

Answer 39

multiplying the volume of one breath by number of breaths in one minute

Question 40

What do cigarettes and air pollution affect

Answer 40

reduce forced expiratory volume, promote obstructive lung disorder

Question 41

Airway resistance is increased in asthma by what immunoglobin?

Answer 41

IgE

Question 42

Most common for of asthma

Answer 42

atopic (allergic) asthma

Question 43

What lymphocytes are involved in atopic asthma

Answer 43

Helper T lymphocytes

Question 44

Rescue asthma medication

Answer 44

quick acting beta agonists (albuterol)

Question 45

Long term asthma medication

Answer 45

long acting beta agonis, leukotrine receptor antagonists (singulair, montelukast)

Question 46

Chronic progressive condition that results in fewer and larger alveoli

Answer 46

ephysema

Question 47

Why are larger alveoli a problem

Answer 47

reduces surface area for gas exchange

Question 48

How does loss of alveoli affect bronchioles?

Answer 48

they collapse during expiration and produce air trapping

Question 49

Most common cause of emphysema?

Answer 49

cigarette smoke

Question 50

What do inflammatory cytokines attract to promote inflamation?

Answer 50

macrophages, neutrophils and t lymphocytes

Question 51

How are alveoli lost and enlarged?

Answer 51

destruction of extracellular matrix (matrix metalloproteinases from alveolar macrophages)

Question 52

COPD includes what and excludes what?

Answer 52

chronic obstructive bronchiolitis and emphysema, asthma

Question 53

What can be physically examined in people with COPD

Answer 53

barrel shaped chest

Question 54

T/F once COPD has started, quitting smoking can reverse its effects

Answer 54

false

Question 55

How are carbon dioxide levels and O2 levels affected in COPD?

Answer 55

CO2 goes up, O2 goes down

Question 56

Why is hematocrit increased in COPD?

Answer 56

because body thinks you're in the himalyas

Question 57

COPD may develop into what other pathological changes?

Answer 57

pulmonary emboli, cor pulmonale (pulmonary hypertension with hypertrophy and failure of right ventricle)

Question 58

What is a restrictive pulmonary disease?

Answer 58

pulmonary fibrosis

Question 59

What is included in the bategory of pumonary fibrosis

Answer 59

anthracosis (black lung from coal dust)

Question 60

The best entry into a windpipe

Answer 60

cricothyroid membrane just below adam's apple

Question 61

What detects the light frequency of oxygen saturated hemoglobin in the blood

Answer 61

oximeter

Question 62

Asthmatics airways are packed with what kind of cells

Answer 62

eosinophils

Question 63

What used to be used to suppress uterine contractions in labor and is now used for airway constriction

Answer 63

magnesium

Question 64

What drugs block a key part of the action of eosinophils to treat asthma

Answer 64

leukotriene modifiers

Question 65

What do many asthma deaths stem from?

Answer 65

asphyxic asthma

Question 66

What test show the boy's O2 and CO2 levels, and which were abnormal?

Answer 66

arterial blood gas, CO2

Question 67

Best treatment for lymphoma in the airway

Answer 67

chemotherapy

Question 68

What kind of cancer did steve have?

Answer 68

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Question 69

What nerve numbing drug was used to treat asthma in mice and what is it related to?

Answer 69

QX 314, anaesthetic lidocaine