Respiratory Physiology #1 Flashcards
3 functions of respiration
ventilation, gas exchange, oxygen utilization
What is external respiration
ventilation and exchange of gases between air and blood
What is internal respiration?
ventilation and exchange of gases between blood and other tissues
What kind of respiration are pulmonary vessels involved with
external respiration
What is most of the air we exhale made of
nitrogen
gas exchange with the blood occurs primarily throgh
type 1 alveolar cells
What is the purpose of type 2 alveolar cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant (reabsorb soldium and water and prevent fluid buildup in alveoli)
Where do clusters of alveoli occur
the ends of respiratory bronchioles
What are the trunk, leaves and twigs of the respiratory trees?
trachea, alveoli, bronchioles
What are the narrow airways that don’t have alveoli or contribue to gas exchange
terminal bronchioles
What are the zones of the respiratory system?
respiratory zone and conducting zone
The right and left primary bronchi are continuous with the
trachea
Valvelike opening between vocal folds
glottis
Operation that allows breathing when trachea is occluded
Tracheotomy
Conducting zone of respiratory system from beginning to end
mouth, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
Why do men have adam’s apples
testosterone causes cartilage to grow
true vocal cords
vocal folds
false vocal cord
ventricular folds
alveolar macrophages
dust cells
What moves mucus along to filter inspired air?
mucociliary escalator
superficial and deep layer of the the lungs
pleural membranes (parietal and visceral pleura)
potential space between pleural membranes
intrapleural space
,Inspiration causes intrapulmonary pressure to be
subatmospheric (negative) pressure
What law explains how the pressure of a quantity of gas in inversely proportional to its volume
Boyles law
When air enters the pleural space without trauma
spontaneous pneumothorax
An open chest wound can lead to
tension pneumothorax
The ability of lungs to expand when stretched
compliance
Lungs get smaller when this tension is released
elasticity
What aids the tendency of lungs to get smaller
surface tension within alveoli
What property of the lungs is damaged in emphysema
elasticity
Filling the lungs with concrete would affect what property of the lungs?
distension (compliance)
infiltration of lung tissue with connective tissue, what does this affect
pulmonary fibrosis, decreases lung compliance
What is vital capacity
max amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after max inhalation
How are lung disorders classified
restrictive or obstructive
What is reduced in restrictive disorders and what is an example
vital capacity is reduced below normal, pulmonary fibrosis
How are obstructive disorders diagnosed?
forced expiratory volume test- % of vital capacity that can be exhaled in the first second (FEV1)
T/F lung tissue is damaged in obstructive disorders
false
shortness of breath
dyspnea
What is the total minute voluume
multiplying the volume of one breath by number of breaths in one minute
What do cigarettes and air pollution affect
reduce forced expiratory volume, promote obstructive lung disorder
Airway resistance is increased in asthma by what immunoglobin?
IgE
Most common for of asthma
atopic (allergic) asthma
What lymphocytes are involved in atopic asthma
Helper T lymphocytes
Rescue asthma medication
quick acting beta agonists (albuterol)
Long term asthma medication
long acting beta agonis, leukotrine receptor antagonists (singulair, montelukast)
Chronic progressive condition that results in fewer and larger alveoli
ephysema
Why are larger alveoli a problem
reduces surface area for gas exchange
How does loss of alveoli affect bronchioles?
they collapse during expiration and produce air trapping
Most common cause of emphysema?
cigarette smoke
What do inflammatory cytokines attract to promote inflamation?
macrophages, neutrophils and t lymphocytes
How are alveoli lost and enlarged?
destruction of extracellular matrix (matrix metalloproteinases from alveolar macrophages)
COPD includes what and excludes what?
chronic obstructive bronchiolitis and emphysema, asthma
What can be physically examined in people with COPD
barrel shaped chest
T/F once COPD has started, quitting smoking can reverse its effects
false
How are carbon dioxide levels and O2 levels affected in COPD?
CO2 goes up, O2 goes down
Why is hematocrit increased in COPD?
because body thinks you’re in the himalyas
COPD may develop into what other pathological changes?
pulmonary emboli, cor pulmonale (pulmonary hypertension with hypertrophy and failure of right ventricle)
What is a restrictive pulmonary disease?
pulmonary fibrosis
What is included in the bategory of pumonary fibrosis
anthracosis (black lung from coal dust)
The best entry into a windpipe
cricothyroid membrane just below adam’s apple
What detects the light frequency of oxygen saturated hemoglobin in the blood
oximeter
Asthmatics airways are packed with what kind of cells
eosinophils
What used to be used to suppress uterine contractions in labor and is now used for airway constriction
magnesium
What drugs block a key part of the action of eosinophils to treat asthma
leukotriene modifiers
What do many asthma deaths stem from?
asphyxic asthma
What test show the boy’s O2 and CO2 levels, and which were abnormal?
arterial blood gas, CO2
Best treatment for lymphoma in the airway
chemotherapy
What kind of cancer did steve have?
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
What nerve numbing drug was used to treat asthma in mice and what is it related to?
QX 314, anaesthetic lidocaine
