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Human Physiology > Respiratory Physiology #1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology #1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of respiration

A

ventilation, gas exchange, oxygen utilization

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2
Q

What is external respiration

A

ventilation and exchange of gases between air and blood

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3
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

ventilation and exchange of gases between blood and other tissues

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4
Q

What kind of respiration are pulmonary vessels involved with

A

external respiration

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5
Q

What is most of the air we exhale made of

A

nitrogen

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6
Q

gas exchange with the blood occurs primarily throgh

A

type 1 alveolar cells

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7
Q

What is the purpose of type 2 alveolar cells

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant (reabsorb soldium and water and prevent fluid buildup in alveoli)

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8
Q

Where do clusters of alveoli occur

A

the ends of respiratory bronchioles

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9
Q

What are the trunk, leaves and twigs of the respiratory trees?

A

trachea, alveoli, bronchioles

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10
Q

What are the narrow airways that don’t have alveoli or contribue to gas exchange

A

terminal bronchioles

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11
Q

What are the zones of the respiratory system?

A

respiratory zone and conducting zone

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12
Q

The right and left primary bronchi are continuous with the

A

trachea

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13
Q

Valvelike opening between vocal folds

A

glottis

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14
Q

Operation that allows breathing when trachea is occluded

A

Tracheotomy

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15
Q

Conducting zone of respiratory system from beginning to end

A

mouth, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles

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16
Q

Why do men have adam’s apples

A

testosterone causes cartilage to grow

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17
Q

true vocal cords

A

vocal folds

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18
Q

false vocal cord

A

ventricular folds

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19
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

dust cells

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20
Q

What moves mucus along to filter inspired air?

A

mucociliary escalator

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21
Q

superficial and deep layer of the the lungs

A

pleural membranes (parietal and visceral pleura)

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22
Q

potential space between pleural membranes

A

intrapleural space

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23
Q

,Inspiration causes intrapulmonary pressure to be

A

subatmospheric (negative) pressure

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24
Q

What law explains how the pressure of a quantity of gas in inversely proportional to its volume

A

Boyles law

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25
Q

When air enters the pleural space without trauma

A

spontaneous pneumothorax

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26
Q

An open chest wound can lead to

A

tension pneumothorax

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27
Q

The ability of lungs to expand when stretched

A

compliance

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28
Q

Lungs get smaller when this tension is released

A

elasticity

29
Q

What aids the tendency of lungs to get smaller

A

surface tension within alveoli

30
Q

What property of the lungs is damaged in emphysema

A

elasticity

31
Q

Filling the lungs with concrete would affect what property of the lungs?

A

distension (compliance)

32
Q

infiltration of lung tissue with connective tissue, what does this affect

A

pulmonary fibrosis, decreases lung compliance

33
Q

What is vital capacity

A

max amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after max inhalation

34
Q

How are lung disorders classified

A

restrictive or obstructive

35
Q

What is reduced in restrictive disorders and what is an example

A

vital capacity is reduced below normal, pulmonary fibrosis

36
Q

How are obstructive disorders diagnosed?

A

forced expiratory volume test- % of vital capacity that can be exhaled in the first second (FEV1)

37
Q

T/F lung tissue is damaged in obstructive disorders

A

false

38
Q

shortness of breath

A

dyspnea

39
Q

What is the total minute voluume

A

multiplying the volume of one breath by number of breaths in one minute

40
Q

What do cigarettes and air pollution affect

A

reduce forced expiratory volume, promote obstructive lung disorder

41
Q

Airway resistance is increased in asthma by what immunoglobin?

A

IgE

42
Q

Most common for of asthma

A

atopic (allergic) asthma

43
Q

What lymphocytes are involved in atopic asthma

A

Helper T lymphocytes

44
Q

Rescue asthma medication

A

quick acting beta agonists (albuterol)

45
Q

Long term asthma medication

A

long acting beta agonis, leukotrine receptor antagonists (singulair, montelukast)

46
Q

Chronic progressive condition that results in fewer and larger alveoli

A

ephysema

47
Q

Why are larger alveoli a problem

A

reduces surface area for gas exchange

48
Q

How does loss of alveoli affect bronchioles?

A

they collapse during expiration and produce air trapping

49
Q

Most common cause of emphysema?

A

cigarette smoke

50
Q

What do inflammatory cytokines attract to promote inflamation?

A

macrophages, neutrophils and t lymphocytes

51
Q

How are alveoli lost and enlarged?

A

destruction of extracellular matrix (matrix metalloproteinases from alveolar macrophages)

52
Q

COPD includes what and excludes what?

A

chronic obstructive bronchiolitis and emphysema, asthma

53
Q

What can be physically examined in people with COPD

A

barrel shaped chest

54
Q

T/F once COPD has started, quitting smoking can reverse its effects

A

false

55
Q

How are carbon dioxide levels and O2 levels affected in COPD?

A

CO2 goes up, O2 goes down

56
Q

Why is hematocrit increased in COPD?

A

because body thinks you’re in the himalyas

57
Q

COPD may develop into what other pathological changes?

A

pulmonary emboli, cor pulmonale (pulmonary hypertension with hypertrophy and failure of right ventricle)

58
Q

What is a restrictive pulmonary disease?

A

pulmonary fibrosis

59
Q

What is included in the bategory of pumonary fibrosis

A

anthracosis (black lung from coal dust)

60
Q

The best entry into a windpipe

A

cricothyroid membrane just below adam’s apple

61
Q

What detects the light frequency of oxygen saturated hemoglobin in the blood

A

oximeter

62
Q

Asthmatics airways are packed with what kind of cells

A

eosinophils

63
Q

What used to be used to suppress uterine contractions in labor and is now used for airway constriction

A

magnesium

64
Q

What drugs block a key part of the action of eosinophils to treat asthma

A

leukotriene modifiers

65
Q

What do many asthma deaths stem from?

A

asphyxic asthma

66
Q

What test show the boy’s O2 and CO2 levels, and which were abnormal?

A

arterial blood gas, CO2

67
Q

Best treatment for lymphoma in the airway

A

chemotherapy

68
Q

What kind of cancer did steve have?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

69
Q

What nerve numbing drug was used to treat asthma in mice and what is it related to?

A

QX 314, anaesthetic lidocaine

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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