Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, BP #1

Question 1

cardiac output is

Answer 1

volume of blood pumped per minute by left or right ventricle

Question 2

The product of what equals the cardiac output

Answer 2

stroke volume X cardiac rate

Question 3

Pulmonary has ___ resistance, ___ pressure and ___ blood flow compared to systemic circulation

Answer 3

low, low, high

Question 4

____ ventricle pumps the equivalent of the total blood volume each minute

Answer 4

each

Question 5

The automatic rhythm of the haeart is a result of what?

Answer 5

HCN channels that depolarize pacemaker cells of the SA node`

Question 6

`The total blood volume

Answer 6

5.5 Liters

Question 7

_____ from sympathetic axons and _____ from the adrenal medulla bind to ______ receptors in the heart to stimulate the production of _______

Answer 7

norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta adrenergic receptors, cyclic AMP

Question 8

Cyclic AMP actons on what channels to stimulate faster production of action potentials in the heart

Answer 8

Hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide channels and calcium (DHP) channels

Question 9

Mechanisms that increase the cardiac rate have a

Answer 9

positive chronotropic effect

Question 10

Resting bradycardia of endurance athletes is largely due to

Answer 10

high vagus nerve activity

Question 11

The autonomic innervation of the heart is coordinated by

Answer 11

the cardiac control center

Question 12

The end diastolic volume is sometimes called

Answer 12

preload

Question 13

Total peripheral resitance is sometime called

Answer 13

the afterload

Question 14

Greater peripheral resistance leads to

Answer 14

lower stroke volume

Question 15

Ejection fraction is typically

Answer 15

60%

Question 16

As the ventricles fill with blood, the myocardium ____ and has what effect?

Answer 16

stretches, increases interactions between actin and myosin and increases sensitivty of RYR2 channels

Question 17

What is anrep effect?

Answer 17

when the force of myocardial contraction gradually increases over 10-15 minutes following the initial rapid increase when ventricles are stretched

Question 18

Frank Starling Law of the heart

Answer 18

strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with end diastolic volume

Question 19

What intrinsic mechanisms show that increase of end diastolic volume produces increase in contraction strength and stroke volume

Answer 19

Anrep effect, increased sensitivity of ryanodine RYR2 receptors, Frank Starling mechanism

Question 20

Why do veins have higher compliance than arteries?

Answer 20

They have thinner less muscular walls, so they expand more and can hold more blood

Question 21

What are capacitance vessels

Answer 21

veins

Question 22

Where is osmotic pressure greatest and where is blood pressure greatest?

Answer 22

venules, arterioles

Question 23

What is net filtration pressure?

Answer 23

the hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid outside capillaries

Question 24

The osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins

Answer 24

colloid osmotic pressure

Question 25

The difference between colloid osmotic pressure of plasma and of interstitial fluid

Answer 25

oncotic pressure

Question 26

The opposing forces taht affect the distribution of flid across the capillary

Answer 26

starling forces

Question 27

Starling forces favor the filtration of fluid out the capillary at the

Answer 27

arterial end

Question 28

Where is most of the filtrate returned in the vascular system?

Answer 28

90% to blood capillaries, 10% to lymphatic

Question 29

High arterial blood pressure that causes excessive filtration leads to

Answer 29

edema

Question 30

proteins in the urine indicate

Answer 30

kidney disease

Question 31

worms in lymphatic drainage

Answer 31

elephantiasis

Question 32

Sucking insects that spread parasitic nematode worm

Answer 32

filariasis

Question 33

What hormones have the greatest effect on BP

Answer 33

ADH and aldosterone

Question 34

Dilution of the blood ____ the release of ADH

Answer 34

inhibits

Question 35

salt retaining hormone

Answer 35

aldosterone

Question 36

Difference between adh and aldosterone

Answer 36

aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of salt and water but adh promotes only water reabsorption

Question 37

What secretes the enzyme renin

Answer 37

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 38

How does angiotension 2 promote a rise in blood volume

Answer 38

stimulating the thirst center and the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Question 39

Drugs that prevent the conversion of angiotension 1 to 2

Answer 39

angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors

Question 40

inhibits the binding of angiotension 2 to its receoptors

Answer 40

angiotension receptor blockers

Question 41

What does the brain rely on to maintain the constancy of blood flow

Answer 41

intrinsic myogenic regulation

Question 42

When metabolic product accumulate in an area and then cause vasodilation

Answer 42

reactive hyperemia

Question 43

Chest pain caused by sudden and severe spasm of coronary artery that obstructs blood flow

Answer 43

variant angina (prinzmetal’s)