Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, BP #1 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac output is

A

volume of blood pumped per minute by left or right ventricle

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2
Q

The product of what equals the cardiac output

A

stroke volume X cardiac rate

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3
Q

Pulmonary has ___ resistance, ___ pressure and ___ blood flow compared to systemic circulation

A

low, low, high

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4
Q

____ ventricle pumps the equivalent of the total blood volume each minute

A

each

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5
Q

The automatic rhythm of the haeart is a result of what?

A

HCN channels that depolarize pacemaker cells of the SA node`

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6
Q

`The total blood volume

A

5.5 Liters

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7
Q

_____ from sympathetic axons and _____ from the adrenal medulla bind to ______ receptors in the heart to stimulate the production of _______

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta adrenergic receptors, cyclic AMP

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8
Q

Cyclic AMP actons on what channels to stimulate faster production of action potentials in the heart

A

Hyperpolarization cyclic nucleotide channels and calcium (DHP) channels

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9
Q

Mechanisms that increase the cardiac rate have a

A

positive chronotropic effect

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10
Q

Resting bradycardia of endurance athletes is largely due to

A

high vagus nerve activity

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11
Q

The autonomic innervation of the heart is coordinated by

A

the cardiac control center

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12
Q

The end diastolic volume is sometimes called

A

preload

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13
Q

Total peripheral resitance is sometime called

A

the afterload

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14
Q

Greater peripheral resistance leads to

A

lower stroke volume

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15
Q

Ejection fraction is typically

A

60%

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16
Q

As the ventricles fill with blood, the myocardium ____ and has what effect?

A

stretches, increases interactions between actin and myosin and increases sensitivty of RYR2 channels

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17
Q

What is anrep effect?

A

when the force of myocardial contraction gradually increases over 10-15 minutes following the initial rapid increase when ventricles are stretched

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18
Q

Frank Starling Law of the heart

A

strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with end diastolic volume

19
Q

What intrinsic mechanisms show that increase of end diastolic volume produces increase in contraction strength and stroke volume

A

Anrep effect, increased sensitivity of ryanodine RYR2 receptors, Frank Starling mechanism

20
Q

Why do veins have higher compliance than arteries?

A

They have thinner less muscular walls, so they expand more and can hold more blood

21
Q

What are capacitance vessels

22
Q

Where is osmotic pressure greatest and where is blood pressure greatest?

A

venules, arterioles

23
Q

What is net filtration pressure?

A

the hydrostatic pressure of blood in capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid outside capillaries

24
Q

The osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins

A

colloid osmotic pressure

25
The difference between colloid osmotic pressure of plasma and of interstitial fluid
oncotic pressure
26
The opposing forces taht affect the distribution of flid across the capillary
starling forces
27
Starling forces favor the filtration of fluid out the capillary at the
arterial end
28
Where is most of the filtrate returned in the vascular system?
90% to blood capillaries, 10% to lymphatic
29
High arterial blood pressure that causes excessive filtration leads to
edema
30
proteins in the urine indicate
kidney disease
31
worms in lymphatic drainage
elephantiasis
32
Sucking insects that spread parasitic nematode worm
filariasis
33
What hormones have the greatest effect on BP
ADH and aldosterone
34
Dilution of the blood ____ the release of ADH
inhibits
35
salt retaining hormone
aldosterone
36
Difference between adh and aldosterone
aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of salt and water but adh promotes only water reabsorption
37
What secretes the enzyme renin
juxtaglomerular apparatus
38
How does angiotension 2 promote a rise in blood volume
stimulating the thirst center and the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
39
Drugs that prevent the conversion of angiotension 1 to 2
angiotension converting enzyme inhibitors
40
inhibits the binding of angiotension 2 to its receoptors
angiotension receptor blockers
41
What does the brain rely on to maintain the constancy of blood flow
intrinsic myogenic regulation
42
When metabolic product accumulate in an area and then cause vasodilation
reactive hyperemia
43
Chest pain caused by sudden and severe spasm of coronary artery that obstructs blood flow
variant angina (prinzmetal's)