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Human Physiology > Immune system #1 > Flashcards

Immune system #1 Flashcards

1
Q

inherited defense mechanisms

A

innate, nonspecific immunity

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2
Q

adaptive or specific immune response is a funciton of

A

lymphoctyes

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3
Q

How does the innate immne system distinguish between self and invading pathogens?

A

recognizing pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

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4
Q

Common PAMPs

A

lipopolysaccharide found in gram negative bacteria and peptidoglycan in gram positive

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5
Q

Receptor proteins that recognize pamps

A

pathogen recognition receptors

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6
Q

group of pathogen recognition receptors that responds to LPS from bacteria

A

toll like receptors

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7
Q

Cell attractant molecules that recruit other immune cells

A

chemokines

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8
Q

cell growth and regulatory molecules

A

cytokines

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9
Q

receptors that activate the transcription of genes that promote defenses like autophagy

A

NOD like receptors

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10
Q

What system promotes the formation of antigen antibody complexes

A

complement system

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11
Q

Complement proteins are part of the _____ immune system

A

innate

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12
Q

Local inflammation produced when tissue damage causes necrosis exposes the immune system to

A

DAMPS danger associated molecular patterns (or damage)

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13
Q

T/F apoptosis generally does not provoke inflammation

A

true

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14
Q

another name for neutrophils

A

polymorphonuclear cells

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15
Q

cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system

A

monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

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16
Q

microglia of the brain are an example of

A

organ specific phagocytes

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17
Q

phagocytic cells of the liver

A

kupffer cells

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18
Q

immoble phagocytes within organs

A

fixed phagocytes

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19
Q

What organs sterilize the blood

A

liver and spleen

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20
Q

Chemokines promote

A

chemotaxis

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21
Q

What cells are the first to arrive at the site of an infection

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

the ability of WBS to squeeze through gaps of endothelial cells

A

extravasation or diapedesis

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23
Q

What signals “eat me” to macrophages?

A

phosphatidylserine

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24
Q

What coordinates skeletal muscle shivering for thermoregulation?

A

thermoregulatory control center in the hypothalamus

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25
Q

What can a fall in plasma iron cause?

A

inhibit bacterial activity

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26
Q

Polypeptides that produce nonspecific short acting resistance to viral infection

A

interferons

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27
Q

What is produced by almost all cells in the body to respond to microbial infections?

A

alpha and beta interferons

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28
Q

The secretion of what polypeptide is part of the immunological defense against infection and cancer?

A

gamma interferon

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29
Q

what becomes plasma cells?

A

b cell lymphocytes

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30
Q

Areas of a molecule that can stimulate the production of or combine with antibodies

A

antigenic determinant sites (epitopes)

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31
Q

small organic molecules that are not antigenic but can be if they bind to proteins

A

haptens

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32
Q

Penicilin can bind to your platelets and cause what

A

drug induced thrombocytopenia purpura

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33
Q

2 examples of immunoassays

A

blood typing and pregnancy test

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34
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes

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35
Q

Lymphocytes that seed the thymus

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

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36
Q

Where does the B come from in B cells?

A

bursa of Fabricius in chickens

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37
Q

B cells provide what kind of immunity

A

humoral or anitibody mediated immunity

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38
Q

What cells directly attack host cells

A

T Cells

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39
Q

When is the thymus most active

A

in infancy

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40
Q

What provides cell mediated immunity

A

T cells

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41
Q

What does humoral immunity protect from

A

extracellular bacteria and viruses, bacterial toxins, snake venom

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42
Q

What does cell mediated immunity protect from?

A

intracellular bacteria (like TB) intracellular viruses (parasites) fungi, protozoans, transplants, cancer cells

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43
Q

Where is the repoplation of T cells usually performed in adulthood?

A

secondary lymphoid tissue rather than thymus

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44
Q

Secondary lymphoid organ in the intestines

A

peyer’s patches

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45
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

dendrites, macrophages, b cells

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46
Q

Why do lymphocytes travel continuously?

A

to increase likelihood that a specific lymphocytes will encounter a specific antigen

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47
Q

cells found mostly in the skin, bronchioles and intestinal mucous and contain heparin

A

mast cells

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48
Q

Mast cells are best known for their production of what?

A

histamine

49
Q

When histamine binds to its receptors, what happens

A

bronchiolar constriction and vasodilation

50
Q

Where are histamine and heparin stored?

A

granules of mast cells

51
Q

what chemokine recruits neutrophils to the site of an infection?

A

tumor necrosis factor

52
Q

Extracellular fibers taht trap invading pathogens

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS)

53
Q

What is opsonization?

A

antibodies acting as bridge between the microbe and the phagocytic cell

54
Q

Examples of opsonates

A

antibodies and complement

55
Q

redness and warmth in inflammation is due to

A

histamine stimulated vasodilation (mast cells)

56
Q

What produces the pain in inflammation

A

prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

57
Q

How does aspirin inhibit pain and fever?

A

It inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes that produce prostaglandins

58
Q

Most common endogenous pyrogen?

A

interleukin 1

59
Q

Where are memory and plasma cells created?

A

the germinal center of secondary lymphoid organs

60
Q

What class of plasma proteins contains the antibodies?

A

gamma globulins

61
Q

Another name for antibodies

A

gamma globulins, immunogloblins (Ig)

62
Q

What re most of the antibodies circulating in the plasma?

A

IgG

63
Q

What antibodies are involved in allergic reactions?

A

IgE

64
Q

What is the stalk of the antibody and what is the top of the Y?

A

crystallizable fragment (Fc) and antigen binding fragment (Fab)

65
Q

3 components of complement proteins

A
  1. Recognition (c1) 2. Activation (C4, C2, C3) 3. Attack (C5-C9)
66
Q

The classic pathway of ________ is initiated by binding of IgG antibodies to their cell surface receptors

A

complement dependent cytotoxicity

67
Q

C5-C9 is inserted to the bacterial cell membrane to form a

A

membrane attack complex (large pore that lyses the cell)

68
Q

What kills the cell in the classic pathway?

A

the complement proteins

69
Q

3 functions of complement fragments being liberated into surrounding fluid

A

chemotaxis, opsonization, release of histamine

70
Q

How do Killer T cells kill their victim cells?

A

cell mediated destruction (membrane to membrane)

71
Q

What surface molecule identifies cytotoxic t cells?

A

CD8

72
Q

What do killer t cells secrete to kill their target?

A

perforins and granzymes

73
Q

What enzyme is involved in apoptosis and is activated by granzymes?

A

caspases

74
Q

What kind of lymphocytes protect us from TB?

A

cytoxic t cells (CMI)

75
Q

Name of bacili that causes TB?

A

myobacterium tuberculosis

76
Q

Virus with genetic material in its rna

A

retrovirus

77
Q

Drugs that inhibit enzyme reverse transcriptase

A

antiretroviral therapy

78
Q

What is targeted by human immunodeficiency virus

A

helper T cells, especially in gastrointestinal mucous

79
Q

What surface molecule defines helper T cells

A

CD4

80
Q

How do helper T cells aid immune response of B and T lymphocytes

A

secretion of lymphokines

81
Q

Positive result of a TB test would be indicated by

A

hard red area

82
Q

What provides the brake on immune response?

A

Regulatory (suppressor) T lymphocytes

83
Q

What do regulatory T lymphocytes gard against?

A

autoimmune disease and allergy

84
Q

Function of interleukin 1

A

endogenous pyrogen, promote fever

85
Q

Function of interleukin 2

A

development and function of helper, killer and regulatory T lymphocytes

86
Q

Symptoms of sepsis

A

high fever, rapid pulse, hypotension, hypoxemia, oliguria, acidosis

87
Q

Powerful instigator of septic shock

A

endotoxin

88
Q

B lymphoctyes can recognize antigens that are ______ but t lymphocytes can only recognize _____

A

proteins or carbs, proteins

89
Q

How do the T cell membrane receptors differ from antibody receptors on B cells?

A

T cell receptors cannot bind to free antigens, they must be presented on the membrane of antigen presenting cells!

90
Q

chief antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic, followed by macrophages and b cells

91
Q

dendritic cells and macrophages are derived from

A

monocytes

92
Q

Where are antigen presenting cells especially concentrated?

A

skin, intestinal mucosa, lungs

93
Q

Dendritic cells of the epidermis

A

Langerhans cells

94
Q

How do dendritic cells interact with the correct T lymphocytes?

A

they migrate through lymphatic vessels and secrete chemokines to attract them

95
Q

Activated T cells divide to first produce ____ and then _____

A

effector T cells, memory T cells

96
Q

All tissue cells except mature RBC are genetically marked with

A

histocompatibility antigens

97
Q

What kind of cells are used for tissue typing to reduce chance of transplant rejection?

A

WBC

98
Q

Another name for histocompatibility antigens?

A

human leukocyte antigens, Major histocompatibility complex molecules

99
Q

What chromosome are MHC genes located on?

A

6

100
Q

What class of MHC molecules are produced by all cells (except RBC) and what class is produced by only antigen presenting cells?

A

Class 1, Class 2

101
Q

What coreceptor is associated with class 1 MHC molecules and what coreceptor is associated with class 2 MHC molecules?

A

CD8, CD4

102
Q

Antigen presenting cells have ______ that cause them to engulf viruses and migrate to secondary lymphatic organs

A

Pathogen recognition receptors (PPRs)

103
Q

After migrating to secondary lymphatic organs with their engulfed viral cells, antigen presenting cells present the viral polypeptides along with ______ to _____

A

MHC class 2 molecules, helper T lymphocytes

104
Q

Killer T cells can only destroy infected cless if

A

they display the foreign antigen together with class 1 MHC molecules

105
Q

Interaction between what helps provide long term humoral immunity and ability of vaccines to evoke active immunity?

A

helper T cells and B cells

106
Q

After infection has been cleared, what happens to activated T lymphocytes?

A

they are destroyed

107
Q

What triggers apoptosis in lymphocytes

A

finding of FAS to FAS ligand

108
Q

What do immunological privileged sites in the body contain to protect them from autoimmune destruction?

A

FAS ligand, triggers apoptosis of any T lymphocytes that may enter

109
Q

What other cells produce FAS ligand?

A

some tumor cells

110
Q

What drugs suppress the immune system

A

glucocorticoid drugs

111
Q

glucocorticoids enhance cytokines secreted from _____ cells compared to ___ which promotes a shift from_____ immunity to _____

A

TH2, TH1, cell mediated to humoral

112
Q

Born without antibody mediated immunity and cell mediate immunity

A

Severe combined immnodeficiency disease (SCID or bubble boy disease)

113
Q

What is missing in bubble boy disease?

A

stem cells of WBC lack enzyme adenosine deaminase

114
Q

How did bubble boy die?

A

bone marrow transplant contained mononucleosis virus and gave him B cell lymphoma

115
Q

What neurotransmitter is affected by bird flu (also called what?)

A

dopamine, H5N1

116
Q

What cranial nerves involved with the travel of H5N1?

A

vagus and olfactory

117
Q

What indicated that the woman in the vital signs article had lupus?

A

butterfly mark, pain in joints, hair loss, and positive antinuclear antibody test

118
Q

What drugs are used to combat inflammation in lupus?

A

cortisone and antimalarial drugs

119
Q

Full name for lupus

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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