Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Kidney's Part 2 > Flashcards

Kidney's Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The ability of kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine

A

Renal clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does reabsorption affect renal clearance? How does filtration affect it? And secretion?

A

decreases, increases, increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of molecules are elimiated in the urine more rapidly than by just glomerular filtration?

A

xenobiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Substances that are used to evaluate GFR and why?

A

inulin, creatinine, they are neither reabsorbed nor secreted by tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Drug used to treat gout

A

probenecid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is glucose not present in urine

A

secondary active transport in the proximal tubule, cotransport of glucose and Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens when glucose carriers are saturated?

A

glycosuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the renal plasma threshold for glucose?

A

190 mg per 100 ml blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fasting hyperglycemia is caused by

A

inadequate secretion or action of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is diabetes mellitus similar to drinking seawater

A

osmotic diuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What stimulates the parathyroid hormone secretion?

A

fall in plasma ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What secretes the hormone that regulates renal reabsorption of na+ and k+?

A

adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the primary site of aldosterone action and what does it influence?

A

cortical collecting duct, Na+/K+ pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What K+ is secreted into the late distal tbule/collecting duct and why?

A

K+ in the diet, so blook K+ stays the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A k+ rich meal stimulates _____ to secrete _____

A

adrenal cortex, aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reabsorption of Na+ promotes what action of K+

A

secretion into the filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the primary cilium and how does it influence K+?

A

a mechanosensor that acts as a second messenger of sorts and can activate K+ channels –> K+ secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do diuretics influence sodium and potassium

A

inhibits transport of na+ in nephron loop and increases delivery of Na+ to distal tubule–> more reabsorption–>more secretion of potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What would someone taking diuretics also want to take?

A

potassium supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can cause hyperkalemia?

A

hyponatremia and adrenal insuffiency (addison’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes hypokalemia?

A

excessive aldosterone (hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s synrome), cushing’s syndrome, diuretics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can hypokalemia lead to

A

heart arrythmia, muscle weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does decrease in Na+ promote aldosterone secretion

A

indirectly bc leads to low blood volume which activates the renin angiotensin aldosterone system

24
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

where the afferent arteriole comes in contact with the last portion of the thick ascending limb

25
Q

What secretes the enzyme renin and where are these cells?

A

granular cells, afferent arteriole

26
Q

What does renin catalyze the conversion of

A

angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

27
Q

What converts angiotensin 1 to 2

A

angiotensin converting enzyme

28
Q

What effects does angiotensin 2 have?

A

vasoconstriction, stimulates aldosterone secretion, sodium reabsorption, rise in blood volume/pressure

29
Q

What kind of receptor are granular cells?

A

baroreceptors

30
Q

Increased secretion of H+ into filtrate _____ secretion of K+

A

reduces

31
Q

Alkalosis leads to what (in reference to K+)

A

hypokalemia

32
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism can lead to

A

hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis

33
Q

Addisons disease leads to

A

hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis

34
Q

Kidneys usually ______ H+ and _____ bicarbonate

A

excrete, reabsorb

35
Q

What relationship do Na+ and H+ have in the proximal tubule

A

antiport cotransport, H+ replaces Na+ in the filtrate

36
Q

More bicarbonate in the urine makes the urine

A

more alkalotic

37
Q

T/F: the proximal tubule reabsorbs 80-90% of bicarbonate

A

true

38
Q

What helps compensate for alkalosis?

A

More excretion of HCO3

39
Q

Why is urine acidic?

A

distal tubules secrete H+ into filtrate using primary active transport H+ pumps

40
Q

What buffers H+ in the urine?

A

ammonia and phosphate

41
Q

What is responsible for H+ buffers?

A

amino acid glutamine

42
Q

Example of loop diuretic

A

furosemide

43
Q

What inhibits salt transport by the first segment of distal convulted dtbule

A

thiazide diuretIcs (hydrochlorothizide

44
Q

What is a weak diuretic and what is it better used to treat?

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, promotes excretion of bicarbonate (acetazolamide-diamox), acute mountain sickness

45
Q

How does diamox help acute mountain sickness

A

decreases reabsorption of bicarbonate, mild diuretic and metabolic acidosis, which stimulates the central chemoreceptor to promote hyperventilation that aids acclimatization

46
Q

What drug can act as an osmotic diuretic?

A

mannitol

47
Q

What class of diuretic can counteract the usual negative affect of diuretics

A

potassium sparing diuretic

48
Q

What are common ways to ruin kidney function

A

chronic UTI’s and hypertension

49
Q

What is the first manifestation of renal damage from diabetes or hypertension and what tests for it?

A

microalbuminuria, urinary albumin excretion rate

50
Q

What can test for acute renal failure?

A

creatinine clearance test

51
Q

Glomerulonephritis affects what part of the kidneys and is considered what kind of disease?

A

basement membrane of glomerular capillaries, autoimmune

52
Q

renal insufficiency directly causes

A

hypertension and uremia

53
Q

What is uremia accompanied by and what can it lead to?

A

acidosis (elevated H+) and elevated K+, uremic coma

54
Q

How to treat uremia?

A

hemodialysis

55
Q

What is a more convenient way to do dialysis?

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

Human Physiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions