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Human Physiology > Respiratory #3 > Flashcards

Respiratory #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What determines the total oxygen content of the blood?

A

the PO2 and the hemoglobin concentration of RBCs

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2
Q

What are hemoglobin molecules composed of

A

4 polypeptide globins and 4 iron containing disc shaped pigment molecules (hemes)

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3
Q

Normal heme bonded with oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin

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4
Q

When oxyhemoglobin releases o2 to tissues

A

deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin

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5
Q

hemoglobin that cannot participate in oxygen transport

A

methemoglobin

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6
Q

reduced heme combined with CO

A

carboxyhemoglobin

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7
Q

measured to ssess how well lungs oxygenate the blood

A

percent oxyhemoglobin saturation

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8
Q

______ has a cranberry juice color and _____ has a tomato juice red color

A

carboxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin

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9
Q

hemoglobin concentration below normal

A

anemia

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10
Q

hemoglobin concentration above normal

A

polycythemia

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11
Q

Production of hemoglobin and RBC controlled by _____ produced by _____ in response to ______

A

erythropoietin, kidneys, hypoxia

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12
Q

Why is hemoglobin concentration higher in men?

A

RBC producion promoted by androgens

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13
Q

Loading reaction

A

deoxyhemoglobin combine to form oxyhemoglobin

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14
Q

unloading reaction occurs where and produces what?

A

tissue capillaries, free oxygen and deoxyhemoglobin

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15
Q

High PO2 favors what reaction?

A

loading reaction

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16
Q

Percent oxyhemoglobin saturation in veins when person is at rest

A

75%

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17
Q

Graphic illustration of the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation at different values of PO2

A

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

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18
Q

Shape of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

S shaped, sigmoidal

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19
Q

The difference between theveins at rest and the arteries

A

amount of O2 unloaded to tissues at rest

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20
Q

What affects loading and unloading reactions

A

affinity (bond strength) and PO2 of the environment

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21
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Affinity of hemoglobin and oxygen is decreased when pH is lowered and increased when pH is raised

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22
Q

Increased temperature (such as in skeletal muscles) affects affinity how?

A

Lowers affinity

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23
Q

How is the dissociation curve changed by lwoering of H

A

shifted to the right (more o2 unloaded)

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24
Q

Hyperventilation would affect the dissociation curve how?

A

shift to the left

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25
Example of hemoglobinopathy?
sickle cell disease
26
In sickle cell disease a person produces _____ instead of ______
hemoglobin S, hemoglobin a
27
What occurs as a result of the sickle shaped RBCs
reduced flexibility (causes infarcts) and hemolysis
28
What drug treats sickle cell anemia?
hydroxyurea
29
Family of hemoglobin diseases found among Mediterranean people
thalassemia
30
Myoglobins dissociation curve is ____ of that of hemoglobin
left (higher affinity for O2)
31
T/F the affinity of carbon monoxide is greater for myoglobin that hemoglobin
true
32
What is the most common way CO2 is carried in the blood
bicarbonate ion
33
What helps catalyze carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
34
What does the Bohr effect encourage
increased conversion of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin
35
What is the purpose of the chloride shift?
carbon dioxide transport enhances o2 unloading and o2 unloading improves co2 transport
36
Average blood pH
7.4
37
What acids in the blood are volatile?
CO2
38
Why are lactic acid, fatty acids, and ketone bodies considered non volatile
because they can not be eliminated through ventilation
39
What is the major buffer in the plasma and what does it buffer?
bicarbonate, H+
40
Respiratory acidois is caused by
hypoventilation
41
the excessive production of nonvolatile acids
metabolic acidosis
42
diabetes mellits causes excessive production of what nonvolatile acid
ketone bodies
43
Besides excessive nonvolatile acids what else causes metabolic acidosis?
loss of bicarbonate to buffer non volatile acids
44
Excessive vomiting could lead to
metabolic alkalosis (inadequate non volatile acids)
45
What represents the repspiratory component of acid base balance?
plasma co2 concentration
46
what represents the metabolic component?
free bicarbonate concentration
47
A normal arterial blood PH is obtained when
there is a proper ratio of bicarbonate to co2
48
A primary disturbance in metabolic component leads to
a secondary change in respiratory component
49
How does hyperventilation lead to tetany?
elevates blood pH and causes increased amount of free ca2+ to bind to plasma albumin---> reduces free calcium and so nerve cells become more excitable---> hypocalcemic tetany
50
Metabolic acidosis would cause a person to ______ which would lead to _____ to compensate
hyperventilate, secondary respiratory alkalosis
51
T/F blood PCO2 is significantly increased during exercise
False- Po2, PCO2 and pH stay constant
52
Oxyhemoglobin saturation above 7500 feet
92-93 percent
53
At 5000 feet and above, decreased arterial pO2 stimulates ____ to produce increase in ______
carotid bodies, ventilation
54
Increased breathing at high altitudes is called
hypoxic ventilatory response
55
T/F PO2 of arterial bood decreases with increased altiitude regardless of ventilation
true
56
What provides partial compensation for chronic hypoxia at high altitudes?
Nitric oxide transferred to rhythmicity center of medulla, affinity of hemoglobin for o2 is reduced (higher proportion of O2 unloaded)
57
used to treat symptoms of altitude sickness and its mechanism
diamox (acetazolamide) carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
58
Why does carbonic anhydrase inhibitor reduces symptoms of altitude sickness
increases bicarbonate excreted in urine by kidneys, blood becomes more acidic which makes body thick it has excess CO2 and eliminates excess CO2 w/deeper faster breathing, increases O2 in blood
59
Acute mountain sickness can lead to what problems?
high altitude pulmonary/cerebral edema
60
How do the kidneys react to decreased tissue oxygen
secrete erythropoietin to make more hemoglobin
61
Ways people living at higher altitudes compensate for hypoxia?
increased hemoglobin and RBC production (polycythemia), increased chest dimensions, increased capillaries

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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