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Human Physiology > Respiratory #3 > Flashcards

Respiratory #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What determines the total oxygen content of the blood?

A

the PO2 and the hemoglobin concentration of RBCs

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2
Q

What are hemoglobin molecules composed of

A

4 polypeptide globins and 4 iron containing disc shaped pigment molecules (hemes)

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3
Q

Normal heme bonded with oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin

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4
Q

When oxyhemoglobin releases o2 to tissues

A

deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin

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5
Q

hemoglobin that cannot participate in oxygen transport

A

methemoglobin

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6
Q

reduced heme combined with CO

A

carboxyhemoglobin

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7
Q

measured to ssess how well lungs oxygenate the blood

A

percent oxyhemoglobin saturation

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8
Q

______ has a cranberry juice color and _____ has a tomato juice red color

A

carboxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin

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9
Q

hemoglobin concentration below normal

A

anemia

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10
Q

hemoglobin concentration above normal

A

polycythemia

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11
Q

Production of hemoglobin and RBC controlled by _____ produced by _____ in response to ______

A

erythropoietin, kidneys, hypoxia

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12
Q

Why is hemoglobin concentration higher in men?

A

RBC producion promoted by androgens

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13
Q

Loading reaction

A

deoxyhemoglobin combine to form oxyhemoglobin

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14
Q

unloading reaction occurs where and produces what?

A

tissue capillaries, free oxygen and deoxyhemoglobin

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15
Q

High PO2 favors what reaction?

A

loading reaction

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16
Q

Percent oxyhemoglobin saturation in veins when person is at rest

A

75%

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17
Q

Graphic illustration of the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation at different values of PO2

A

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

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18
Q

Shape of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

S shaped, sigmoidal

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19
Q

The difference between theveins at rest and the arteries

A

amount of O2 unloaded to tissues at rest

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20
Q

What affects loading and unloading reactions

A

affinity (bond strength) and PO2 of the environment

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21
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Affinity of hemoglobin and oxygen is decreased when pH is lowered and increased when pH is raised

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22
Q

Increased temperature (such as in skeletal muscles) affects affinity how?

A

Lowers affinity

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23
Q

How is the dissociation curve changed by lwoering of H

A

shifted to the right (more o2 unloaded)

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24
Q

Hyperventilation would affect the dissociation curve how?

A

shift to the left

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25
Q

Example of hemoglobinopathy?

A

sickle cell disease

26
Q

In sickle cell disease a person produces _____ instead of ______

A

hemoglobin S, hemoglobin a

27
Q

What occurs as a result of the sickle shaped RBCs

A

reduced flexibility (causes infarcts) and hemolysis

28
Q

What drug treats sickle cell anemia?

A

hydroxyurea

29
Q

Family of hemoglobin diseases found among Mediterranean people

A

thalassemia

30
Q

Myoglobins dissociation curve is ____ of that of hemoglobin

A

left (higher affinity for O2)

31
Q

T/F the affinity of carbon monoxide is greater for myoglobin that hemoglobin

A

true

32
Q

What is the most common way CO2 is carried in the blood

A

bicarbonate ion

33
Q

What helps catalyze carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

34
Q

What does the Bohr effect encourage

A

increased conversion of oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin

35
Q

What is the purpose of the chloride shift?

A

carbon dioxide transport enhances o2 unloading and o2 unloading improves co2 transport

36
Q

Average blood pH

A

7.4

37
Q

What acids in the blood are volatile?

A

CO2

38
Q

Why are lactic acid, fatty acids, and ketone bodies considered non volatile

A

because they can not be eliminated through ventilation

39
Q

What is the major buffer in the plasma and what does it buffer?

A

bicarbonate, H+

40
Q

Respiratory acidois is caused by

A

hypoventilation

41
Q

the excessive production of nonvolatile acids

A

metabolic acidosis

42
Q

diabetes mellits causes excessive production of what nonvolatile acid

A

ketone bodies

43
Q

Besides excessive nonvolatile acids what else causes metabolic acidosis?

A

loss of bicarbonate to buffer non volatile acids

44
Q

Excessive vomiting could lead to

A

metabolic alkalosis (inadequate non volatile acids)

45
Q

What represents the repspiratory component of acid base balance?

A

plasma co2 concentration

46
Q

what represents the metabolic component?

A

free bicarbonate concentration

47
Q

A normal arterial blood PH is obtained when

A

there is a proper ratio of bicarbonate to co2

48
Q

A primary disturbance in metabolic component leads to

A

a secondary change in respiratory component

49
Q

How does hyperventilation lead to tetany?

A

elevates blood pH and causes increased amount of free ca2+ to bind to plasma albumin—> reduces free calcium and so nerve cells become more excitable—> hypocalcemic tetany

50
Q

Metabolic acidosis would cause a person to ______ which would lead to _____ to compensate

A

hyperventilate, secondary respiratory alkalosis

51
Q

T/F blood PCO2 is significantly increased during exercise

A

False- Po2, PCO2 and pH stay constant

52
Q

Oxyhemoglobin saturation above 7500 feet

A

92-93 percent

53
Q

At 5000 feet and above, decreased arterial pO2 stimulates ____ to produce increase in ______

A

carotid bodies, ventilation

54
Q

Increased breathing at high altitudes is called

A

hypoxic ventilatory response

55
Q

T/F PO2 of arterial bood decreases with increased altiitude regardless of ventilation

A

true

56
Q

What provides partial compensation for chronic hypoxia at high altitudes?

A

Nitric oxide transferred to rhythmicity center of medulla, affinity of hemoglobin for o2 is reduced (higher proportion of O2 unloaded)

57
Q

used to treat symptoms of altitude sickness and its mechanism

A

diamox (acetazolamide) carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

58
Q

Why does carbonic anhydrase inhibitor reduces symptoms of altitude sickness

A

increases bicarbonate excreted in urine by kidneys, blood becomes more acidic which makes body thick it has excess CO2 and eliminates excess CO2 w/deeper faster breathing, increases O2 in blood

59
Q

Acute mountain sickness can lead to what problems?

A

high altitude pulmonary/cerebral edema

60
Q

How do the kidneys react to decreased tissue oxygen

A

secrete erythropoietin to make more hemoglobin

61
Q

Ways people living at higher altitudes compensate for hypoxia?

A

increased hemoglobin and RBC production (polycythemia), increased chest dimensions, increased capillaries

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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