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Human Physiology > Cardiac Output, Blood flow, BP #2 > Flashcards

Cardiac Output, Blood flow, BP #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Myoglobin in the myocardium stores O2 during ____ and releases it during ______

A

diastole, systole

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2
Q

T/F the heart always respires aerobically

A

True

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3
Q

How is increased oxygen requirements met in the heart?

A

corresponding increase in coronary blood flow

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4
Q

What do coronary arterioles contain that promote vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

alpha/beta andrenergic receptors

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5
Q

norepinephrine stimulates what receptors to promote what action in the heart?

A

alpha adrenergic, vasoconstriction

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6
Q

epinephrine stimulates what receptors to promote what action in the heart?

A

beta adrenergic, vasodilation

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7
Q

How to diagnose coronary artery disease?

A

coronary angiogram

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8
Q

Why do you have to insert a stent during an angiogram?

A

to prevent restenosis

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9
Q

If a stent was not effective for coronary artery disease what could you do?

A

coronary bypass grafting

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10
Q

What causes vasodilation and decreased resistance of coronary circulation during exercise?

A

sympathoadrenal system and intrinsic metabolic changes

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11
Q

How does exercise training affect coronary arterioles?

A

increases density coronary arterioles , decreases compression of coronary vessels in systole and increases production of nitric oxide

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12
Q

What is increased by increased contractility from sympathoadrenal stimulation

A

ejection fraction

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13
Q

How does endurance training effect cardiac rate and stroke volume?

A

lowers cardiac rate and increases resting stroke volume

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14
Q

cerebral blood flow is regulate by _____ and is relatively_____ while cutaneous blood flow is regulated by _____ and is relatively ______

A

intrinsic, constant, extrinsic, variable

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15
Q

what functions together to promote neurovascular coupling?

A

neurons, astrocytes and arterioles

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16
Q

active neurons receive more oxygen and glucose for their increased needs?

A

functional hyperemia

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17
Q

cerebral blood flow is regulated almost exclusively by

A

local intrinsic mechanism (autoregulation)

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18
Q

What happens to end diastolic volume during exercise and why?

A

it does not decreae because venous return is aided by improved movement of skeletal and respiratory pumps

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19
Q

What regulates variation in systemic arterial pressure?

A

myogenic regulation

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20
Q

How does hypoventilation affect cerebral arteries?

A

they dilate as CO2 rises

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21
Q

Total cerebral blood flow is _____ but the distribution is ______

A

constant, variable

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22
Q

brain regions with the highest _______ receive the most blood flow

A

metabolic activity

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23
Q

What test monitors distribution of cerebral blood flow?

A

positron emission tomography

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24
Q

What vessels are found mostly in fingertips, palms, toes, soles, ears, nose and lips and what function do they perform?

A

arteriovenous anastomoses, shunt blood directly from arterioles to deep venules

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25
Q

Why does skin appear rosy despite reduced cutaneous blood flow in cold weather?

A

blood is diverted to superficial capillary loops

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26
Q

When blood flow to skin is so severely restricted because of the cold that tissue dies

A

frostbite

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27
Q

What stimulates cutanous vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

sympathetic nerves

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28
Q

What do sweat galnds secrete to stimulate vasodilation?

A

bradykin (a polypeptide)

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29
Q

During exercise, cutaneous vessels are _____ and exercising muscle vessels are ______

A

dilated, dilated

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30
Q

low total peripheral resistance and a fall in cardiac output post exercise can lead to ?

A

fainting, loss of consciousness

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31
Q

What are the most important variables affecting blood pressure?

A

cardiac rate, stroke volume (determined by blood volume) and total peripheral resistance

32
Q

What two things regulate blood pressure?

A

kidneys and sympathoadrenal system

33
Q

Where are baroceptors located and what kind of receptors are they?

A

stretch receptors, aortic arch and carotid sinuses

34
Q

What cranial nerves are involved with baroceptors and where do these nerves report?

A

vagus (X) and glossopharangeal (IX), medulla oblongata

35
Q

What center regulates total peripheral resistance and what center regulates cardiac rate?

A

vasomotor control center, cardiac control center

36
Q

What are the effectors of the baroceptor reflex?

A

sympathetic axons to the heart and blood vessels

37
Q

What regulates blood pressure long term?

A

the kidneys via blood volume regulation

38
Q

How can one reduce tachycardia manually?

A

massage the carotid sinus

39
Q

Low BP when standing

A

orthostatic (postural) hypotension

40
Q

IN elederly people BP falls after eating

A

postpranadial hypotension

41
Q

killled elvis

A

cardiac arryhthmia from barbituates, reduced HR, increased thoracic pressure, valsalva maneuver

42
Q

When is the brachial artery quiet?

A

before bp cuff is inflated or if the bp cuff is too tight and cuts off blood supply (about 140 mm pressure)

43
Q

When blood flows smoothly and doesn’t produce vibration

A

laminar flow

44
Q

When blood flow causes vibrations or sounds

A

turbulent flow

45
Q

sounds heard when taking bp

A

korotkoff sounds

46
Q

When is the first korotkoff sound heard

A

When cuff pressure is equal to systolic pressure

47
Q

the difference between diastolic and systolic pressure

A

pulse pressure

48
Q

Hypertension as a result of a disease

A

secondary hypertension

49
Q

What is the most common type of hypertension?

A

primary (essential) hypertension

50
Q

What dietary habit can increase bp and how?

A

high salt intake, increased plasma osmolality thus adh secretion

51
Q

What 2 hormones affect bp the most?

A

antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

52
Q

What is the “final common pathway” in essential hypertension?

A

kidney function

53
Q

how does dietary potassium influence salt intake and hypertension?

A

higher potassium levels can reduce the ability of salt to cause hypertension

54
Q

What disorder is characterized by thrombocytopenia an proteinuria

A

preeclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy)

55
Q

What medication can decrease hypertension by influencing blood volume?

A

diuretic

56
Q

What medication lowers cardiac rate to decrease BP?

A

beta adrenergic receptor blockers (like atenolol)

57
Q

What drugs reduce vasoconstriction to treat high bp?

A

Angiotensis converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE)and angiotension II receptor blockers (ARB)

58
Q

What drug blocks the production of aldosterone

A

angiotension II receptor blockers

59
Q

circulatory shock due to low blood volume

A

hypovolemic shock

60
Q

Causes of hypovolemic shock

A

hemorrhage, dehydration, burns

61
Q

When entering hypovolemic shock, decreased BP and cardiac output leads to what?

A

activation of baroceptor reflex–> tachycardia and vasoconstriction

62
Q

Decreased blood flow through kidneys stimulates what?

A

renin secretion and activation of the renin angiotension aldosterone system

63
Q

Symptoms of hypovolemic shock

A

low bp, rapid pulse, cold clammy skin, reduced urine output

64
Q

What can commonly cause septic shock

A

endotoxin or gram negative shock

65
Q

What does endotoxin activate to produce a fall in BP?

A

nitric oxide synthase

66
Q

anaphylactic shock from an allergic reaction results from

A

widespread release of histamine

67
Q

upper spinal cord damage or spinal anesthesia can lead to

A

neurogenic shock

68
Q

cardiac failure leads to what kind of shock?

A

cardiogenic shock

69
Q

Common causes of left ventricular heart failure

A

myocardial infarction, aortic valve stenosis and incompetence of the aortic and mitral valves

70
Q

How does excessive potassium affect the heart?

A

decreases resting membrane potential of myocardial cells and cause heart to stop in diastole

71
Q

How does high calcium affect the heart?

A

increases excitation, arrests heart in systole

72
Q

Why do we use the word congestive with heart failure?

A

failure of the ventricles increases venous volume and pressure, and causes edema in their respective destinations (systemic or pulmonary)

73
Q

Compensatory responses of CHF are similar to what?

A

hypovolemic shock

74
Q

Low blood pressure usually leads to syncope so that gravity can bring blood to the brain, but what happens if the body remains upright?

A

telephone booth syncope, cardiac arrest

75
Q

Researchers found women with preeclampsia were more likely to have what in their bloodstreams?

A

intact fetal cells

76
Q

Stress induced heart failure

A

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, broken heart syndrome

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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