respiratory pharma Flashcards
respiratory treatements (9)
- high flow oxygen
- beta agonist drugs
- Anticholinergic drugs
- corticosteriods
- adreneline
- CPAP
- SaO2 and cardiac monitoring
- severe cases: sedation, intubation, mechaniacl ventilation
-antibiotics or chemotheraputics
Oxygen as treatment
- Hypoxia is primary casue of death from exacerbation, oxygen may help to decrease dyspnoea, aid bronchodilation and minimose risk of arrythima
- Should be used in patients where O2 sat below 92% in room air, weane off ehrn sat level exceeds 94%
sympathomimetics
agonists at beta 2 adrenergic receptors on bronchiole smooth muscle
sympathomimetics examples
- salbutomol: ventolin
- salmeterol
- trebutaline
mechanism of B2 agonists on bronchiole muscle cells
-drug binds to B2 receptor
- adenylate cyclase activated
- increase cAMP concentration
- activation of protein kinase enzyme which attaches phosphate groups to other protiens
- myosin-light chained kinase enzyme is inactivated
- reduced interaction of actin and myosin -> smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation
anticholineric drugs are used in…
moderate to severe cases
best used in combination with other therapies
- can be used in acute asthma, maintenence asthma and COPD
anticholinergic drugs action
blocks musinaric acetylcholine receptos on bronchiole smooth muscle
smooth muscle bronchodilates
corticosteroids
these drugs switch on/off specific genes that code for proteins involved in the inflammatory process or its regulation
- can take hours to exert full therapeutic effect
corticosteriod examples
hydrocortisone- IV for asthma
methylprednisilone
predisnisone
steriod recommendations
- used in moderate to severe cases
- decrease admission and relapse if given in first hour od exacerbation
- oral steriods are most convinents, least expensive
- IV given to patients that dont respond to oral
methylxanthines
used for ashtma nd COPD
work by 2 mechainisms
- inhibition of enzyme phosphodiesterase
- block adenosine type 1 receptors that inhibit adenylate cyclase
=bronchodilation
CPAP
-applies continuous positive airway pressure to keep airways open through breathing cycle
sympathomimetics role
used to increase or decrease cardiac contractility
sympathomimetics example
beta blockers
beta blockers are a type of:
sympathomimetics
beta blockers example
metoprolol, propanolol
mechainsm of beta blockers
- cmpetitvely block beta 1 adrenic receptors in the SA and AV nodes od heart and ventricular muscles
- reduce heart rate and contractility, therefore reduce cardiac output and blood pressure
- becasue HR decreases, more time for blood to move from aorta to other areas if circulation
- aortic blood pressure therefore reaches lower levels during diastole so afterload is decreased
advantages of beta blockers (3)
- reduction in rate and force of contraction, reduced cardiac output and BP
- decreases myocardial workload and oxygen consumption
- proven over 30 years to reduce Bp and incidence od fatal and non-fatal stroke
disadvanatges of beta blockers
- fatigue/depression
- vivid or bad dreams
- cold peripheries
-possible conduction block or heart failure - may increase serum triglycerides
- casue asthma due to bronchoconstriction
calcium channel blocker is a tpye of….
vasodilator
calcium channel blocker examples
nifedipine, felodipine
Verapamil is…
is a calcium channel blocker which binds more to calcium channels on cardiac muscle and pacemaker cells so may be more useful in treatinf one arrthymias
calcium channel blockers function
- Vascular smooth muscle cells have only small amonuts of stored calcium ions, calcium ions are nessecary for muscle contraction because they permit interaction bectween actin and myosin
- Calcium ions enter through voltage gated calcium channels where the muscle cell is depoalrised
- Blocking these channels in vascular smooth muscle casues less calcium to be avaliable intracellulary so the force of the contration is decreases -> vasodialtion and reduced TPR
calcium channel blockers unwanted effects
excessive vasodialtion, hypotension, dizziness, flushing, ankle oedema, calcium channel blockers may also worsen heart block and heart failure