cancer Flashcards
detection of cancer
-scans: MRI, CT, PET
- tumour markers = certain chemicals that are released from some tumpir cells into body fluids
- biopsy: samle of tissue tested
types of scans for diagnosis of cancer
MRI, PET, CT
diagmosis of cancer includes
tumor grading
cancer staging
tumor grading=
degree to which the tumour cells resemble the host cells
- low grade: cancer cells similar to host cells
- high grade: much less differentiated, more variable
low grade tumour=
cancer cells similar to host cells
high grade tumour =
much less differentiated, more variable
cancer staging
- size, location and level of metastasis of the cancer cells
- lower stage: localised, little to no lymph node invlovement, little to no metastasis, smaller size
- high stage: spreads to more distant tissues, multiple lymph node involvement, larger size(s)
low stage cancer
localised, little to no lymph node invlovement, little to no metastasis, smaller size
high stage cancer
spreads to more distant tissues, multiple lymph node involvement, larger size(s)
proto oncogenes
genes that code for regulating normal cell growth
onco genes
gene mutation occurs and proto-oncogenes become just oncogenes
gene now codes for unregulated cell growth
losts of cell growth in abnormal patterns
chromosome amplifications occur
chromosome amplifications examples
duplication of certain genes or chromosome segments
duplication of gene for growth receptors on cells, amplified, cancerous promoting
tumour supressor genes
genes are code for variety of proteins/enzymes that:
- slow or stop mitosis
- initiate DNA repair
- increase immune desctruction of tumor cells
-trigger cellular apoptosis
apoptosis =
programmed cell death
mutation leads to->
loss of protein regualtors
excess abnormal proliferation of cells
