Respiratory: Nasopharynx and Larynx

Question 1

What is rhinitis

Answer 1

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

Question 2

what is the most common cause of rhinitis

Answer 2

rhinovirus

Question 3

clinical presentation for Rhinitis

Answer 3

sneezing
congestion
runny nose
common cold

Question 4

Name a sub-type of rhinitis and its MOA

Answer 4

Allergic rhinitis

- type I hypersensitivity reaction

Question 5

what is an example of an antigen to cause allergic rhinitis

Answer 5

pollen

Question 6

what characterizes Allergic rhinitis

Answer 6

inflammatory infiltrate with eosinophils

Question 7

allergic rhinitis is associated with what other disease states

Answer 7

asthma and eczema

Question 8

what are nasal polyp

Answer 8

protrusion of edematous, inflamed nasal mucosa

Question 9

When can nasal polyps occur

Answer 9

1. secondary to repeated bouts of rhinitis
2. cystic fibrosis
3. aspirin-intolerant asthma

Question 10

what is the triad of aspirin-intolerant asthma

Answer 10

1. asthma
2. aspirin-induced bronchospasms
3. nasal polyps

Question 11

about how many asthmatic patients are aspirin-intolerant

Answer 11

10%

Question 12

what is angiofibroma

Answer 12

benign tumor of nasal mucosa composed of large blood vessels and fibrous tissue

Question 13

who usually gets angiofibroma

Answer 13

adolescent males

Question 14

clinical feature of angiofibroma

Answer 14

profuse epistaxis

Question 15

what is nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 15

malignant tumor of nasopharyngeal epithelium

Question 16

what virus is nasopharyngeal carcinoma found in and who is it classically seen in

Answer 16

• EBV
• Chinese adults
• African children

Question 17

what must the biopsy reveal for nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 17

pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells ( poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma) in background of lymphocytes

Question 18

what part of the body that is not part of respiratory is involved with nasopharyngeal

Answer 18

cervical lymph nodes

Question 19

name 4 nasopharynx pathologies

Answer 19

1. rhinitis
2. nasal polyp
3. angiofibroma
4. nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Question 20

what is acute epiglotis

Answer 20

inflammation of epiglottis

Question 21

what is the most common cause of acute epiglottis

Answer 21

H. influenzae

Question 22

who is acute epiglottis usually found in

Answer 22

especially non-immunizied children, and can be seen in immunized children

Question 23

clinical presentation for epiglottis

Answer 23

high fever
sore throat
drooling with dysphagia 
muffled voice 
inspiratory stridor

Question 24

dysphagia

Answer 24

difficulty or discomfort in swallowing

Question 25

what is the risk associated with acute epiglottis

Answer 25

airway obstruction | medical emergency

Question 26

what is laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

Answer 26

inflammation of upper airway

Question 27

what is the most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis

Answer 27

parainfluenza

Question 28

clinical presentation for laryngotracheobronchitis

Answer 28

hoarse "barking" cough inspiratory stridor

Question 29

what is vocal cord nodule ( singer's nodule)

Answer 29

nodule that arises on the true vocal cord

Question 30

what causes vocal cord nodule

Answer 30

excessive use of vocal cords

Question 31

how do the vocal cords present and what is it composed of?

Answer 31

- bilaterally | - degenerative (myxoid) connective tissue

Question 32

how does vocal cord nodule present and what makes it better

Answer 32

- hoarseness | - rest the vocals

Question 33

what is laryngeal papilloma

Answer 33

benign papillary tumor of the vocal cord

Question 34

what are the most common causes of laryngeal papilloma

Answer 34

HPV 6 and 11

Question 35

who and how many does laryngeal papilloma present in

Answer 35

papillomas single in adults and multiple in children

Question 36

how does laryngeal papilloma present

Answer 36

hoarseness

Question 37

what is laryngeal carcinoma? where does it come from

Answer 37

squamous cell carcinoma arising from epithelial lining of vocal cord

Question 38

what are risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 38

alcohol and tobacco | - rarely from laryngeal papilloma

Question 39

clinical symptoms of laryngeal carcinoma

Answer 39

hoarsness cough stridor