Male Pathology: penis and testicle

Question 1

hypospadias

Answer 1

opening of urethra on inferior surface of penis

Question 2

what causes hypospadias

Answer 2

failure of urethral folds to close

Question 3

what is epispadias

Answer 3

opening of urethra on superior surface of penis

Question 4

what causes epispadias

Answer 4

abnormal positioning of genital tubercle

Question 5

epispadias is associated with what other organ

Answer 5

bladder exstrophy

Question 6

what is condyloma acuminatum

Answer 6

benign warty growth on genital skin

Question 7

what can cause condyloma acuminatum

Answer 7

HPV type 6,11

Question 8

histo for condyloma acuminatum

Answer 8

koilocytic changes

Question 9

What is lymphogranuloma venerum

Answer 9

necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and lymph nodes

Question 10

what causes lymphogranuloma venereum

Answer 10

Chlamydia trachomatis ( serotypes L1-L3)

Question 11

how is lymphogranuloma venereum resolved

Answer 11

heals with fibrosis

Question 12

what other organs can be involved with lymphogranuloma venereum

Answer 12

perianal involvement may result in rectal stricture

Question 13

what is squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 13

malignant proliferation of squamous cells of penile skin

Question 14

what are risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 14

high risk HPV, 2/3 of cases

lack of circumcision- foreskin acts as a nidus for inflammation and irritation if not properly maintained

Question 15

what are precursor in situ lesions that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 15

Bowen disease
erythroplasia of queyrat
bowenoid papulosis

Question 16

what is Bowen disease

Answer 16

in situ carcinoma of penile shaft or scrotum that presents as leukoplakia

Question 17

erythroplasia of queyrat

Answer 17

in situ carcinoma on the glans that presents as leukoplakia

Question 18

what is Bowenoid papulosis

Answer 18

in situ carcinoma that presents as multiple reddish papules

Question 19

what group of patients gets Bowenoid papulosis

Answer 19

young patients (40s)
compared to Bowen and queyrat

Question 20

does Bowenoid papulosis progress to invasive carcinoma

Answer 20

no

Question 21

what is a common congenital male reproductive abnormality

Answer 21

cryptorchidism

Question 22

developmentally, what is normally suppose to happen to testicles

Answer 22

develop in abdomen and “descend” into scrotal sac as fetus grows

Question 23

cryptorchidism

Answer 23

failure of testicle to descend into the scortal sac

Question 24

how is cryptorchidism treated

Answer 24

most cases resolve spontaneously

- orchiopexy performed before 2 years of age

Question 25

what complications related to cryptorchidism

Answer 25

testicular atrophy with infertility and increased risk for seminoma

Question 26

orchitis

Answer 26

inflammation of testicles

Question 27

what are 4 causes of orchitis

Answer 27

1. chlamydia trachomatis ( serotypes D-K), Neisseria gonorrhoeae 2. E. coli and pseudomonas 3. mumps virus 4. autoimmune orchitis

Question 28

chlamydia trachomatis ( serotypes D-K), Neisseria gonorrhoeae orchitis occurs in what age group, what are the increased risks associated with it

Answer 28

- young adults | - sterility, but libido not affected because Leydig cells are spared

Question 29

E coli/ Pseudomonas orchitis is seen with what age group? how do these bacteria cause orchitis

Answer 29

- older adults | - urinary tract infection pathogens spread into reproductive tract

Question 30

mumps virus orchitis is seen in what age group? risks? when clinical presentation is not seen

Answer 30

teenage males - risk of infertility - testicular inflammation in usually not seen in children less than 10 yrs

Question 31

autoimmune orchitis is characterized by what gross apperance

Answer 31

granulomas involving the seminiferous tubules

Question 32

what is testicular torsion? what does this lead to

Answer 32

twisting of spermatic cord | - thin-walled veins become obstructed leading to congestion and hemorrhagic infarction

Question 33

what usually causes testicular torsion

Answer 33

congenital failure of testes to attach to inner lining of scrotum via processus vaingalis

Question 34

who usually gets testicular torsion

Answer 34

adolescents with sudden testicular pain and absent cremasteric reflex

Question 35

what is varicocele

Answer 35

dilation of spermatic vein due to impared drainage

Question 36

gross presentation of varicocele

Answer 36

scrotal swelling with "bag of worms" appearance

Question 37

varicocele usually occurs on what side? why?

Answer 37

left side - left testicular vein drains into left renal vein - right testicular vein drains into IVC

Question 38

varicocele is associated with what cancer

Answer 38

renal cell carcinoma, b/c usually invades renal vein

Question 39

what is hydrocele

Answer 39

fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis

Question 40

what is the tunica vaginalis

Answer 40

serous membrane that covers the testicle as well as internal surface of the scrotum

Question 41

Hydrocele is associated with what developmental problem

Answer 41

incomplete closure of processus vaginalis leading to communication with the peritoneal cavity (infants) or blockage of lymphatic drainage ( adults)

Question 42

gross clinical presentation of hydrocele

Answer 42

scrotal swelling that can be transilluminated