Chap 1: Cellular Injury

Question 1

when does cellular injury occur

Answer 1

stress exceeds the cell’s ability to adapt

Question 2

compare neurons and skeletal muscles when it comes to comparing types of cellular injury

Answer 2

neurons susceptible to ischemic injury, skeletal muscle is more resistant

Question 3

slowly developing ischemia results in ____; whereas, acute ischemia results in ____

Answer 3

atrophy

injury

Question 4

what is an example of a slowly developing ischemia

Answer 4

renal artery atherosclerosis

Question 5

what is an example of acute ischemia

Answer 5

renal artery embolus

Question 6

define hypoxia

Answer 6

low oxygen delivery to tissue

Question 7

what is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorlyation

Answer 7

final electron acceptor

Question 8

decreased oxygen results in

Answer 8

decreased ATP

Question 9

what are three causes of hypoxia

Answer 9

ischemia
hypoxemia
decreased O2-carrying capacity of blood

Question 10

define ischemia

Answer 10

decreased blood flow through an organ

Question 11

what are 3 causes of ischemia

Answer 11

1. decreased arterial perfusion
2. decreased venous drainage
3. Shock

Question 12

what is a pathological reason for decreased arterial perfusion

Answer 12

atherosclerosis

Question 13

what is syndrome that can cause decreased venous drainage

Answer 13

Budd-Chiari syndrome

Question 14

what are the most common cause of Budd-Chirari syndrome

Answer 14

• Polycythemia vera: increased RBC, increase viscosity and thickness of blood
• patient with lupus anticoagulants

Question 15

what is Budd-Chiari syndrome

Answer 15

occlusion of the hepatic veins that drain the liver

Question 16

what is shock

Answer 16

generalized hypotension resulting in poor tissue perfusion

Question 17

define hypoxemia

Answer 17

low partial pressure of oxygen in blood

Question 18

what are 4 causes of hypoxemia

Answer 18

1. high altitude
2. hypoventilation
3. diffusion defect
4. V/Q mismatch

Question 19

name a disease what will not allow PAO2 to push as much O2 into blood due to thicker diffusion barrier

Answer 19

interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

Question 20

what happens in V/Q mistmatch

Answer 20

1. blood bypasses oxygenated lung

2. oxygenated air cannot reach blood

Question 21

what conditions does blood bypass oxygenated blood

Answer 21

circulation problem

right-to-left shunt

Question 22

what problems can cause oxygenated air to not reach blood

Answer 22

ventilation problem

atelectasis

Question 23

atelectasis

Answer 23

Complete or partial collapse of a lung or a section (lobe) of a lung

Question 24

decreased O2 carrying capacity arises in hemoglobin from what 3 causes

Answer 24

1. anemia
2. carbon monoxide
3. methemoglobinemia

Question 25

define anema

Answer 25

decreased in RBC mass

Question 26

what are PaO2 and SaO2 values for anemia

Answer 26

both normal

Question 27

what are PaO2 and SaO2 values for carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 27

PaO2 normal | SaO2 decreased

Question 28

what are common exposures that can cause carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 28

- smoke from fires - exhaust from cars - exhaust from gas heaters

Question 29

what is the classic clinical findings for carbon monoxide poisoining

Answer 29

cherry-red appearance of skin

Question 30

what is an early sign of carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 30

headache | -significant exposure leads to coma/death

Question 31

what form of iron binds oxygen

Answer 31

Fe2+

Question 32

what happens in methemoglobinemia

Answer 32

iron in heme is oxidized to Fe3+ , which cannot bind oxygen

Question 33

what are PaO2 and SaO2 values for methemoglobinemia

Answer 33

PaO2 normal | SaO2 decreased

Question 34

what are classic clinical findings for methemoglobinemia

Answer 34

cyanosis with chocolate-colored blood

Question 35

what is the treatment for methemoglobinemia

Answer 35

methylene blue : helps reduce Fe3+ back to Fe2+

Question 36

what can cause methemoglobinemia

Answer 36

oxidant stress: sulfa and nitrate drugs | newborns

Question 37

A low ATP disrupts what key cellular functions

Answer 37

1. Na-K pump 2. Ca pump 3. switches to anaerobic glycolysis

Question 38

what happens when the Na-K pump stops working

Answer 38

sodium and water builds up

Question 39

what happens when the Ca pump stops working

Answer 39

Ca buildup in cytosol | Ca is an enzyme activator

Question 40

switching to anaerobic glycolysis results in waht

Answer 40

lactic acid build up --> low pH --> denature protein and precipitates DNA

Question 41

what is the hallmark of reversible cell injury

Answer 41

cellular swelling

Question 42

cytosol swelling results in

Answer 42

loss of microvilli | membrane blebbing

Question 43

Swelling of rough endoplasmic reticulum results in

Answer 43

dissociation of ribosomes and decreased protein synthesis

Question 44

what is the hallmark of irreversible injury

Answer 44

membrane damage

Question 45

what are 3 membrane damage that can occur in irreversible cell injury

Answer 45

plasma mitochondrial lysosome

Question 46

plasma membrane damage results in

Answer 46

1. cytosolic enzymes leaking into the serum | 2. additional calcium entering the cell

Question 47

mitochondrial membrane damage results in

Answer 47

1. loss of electron transport chain | 2. cytochome c leaking into cytosol

Question 48

where does electron transport chain occur in mitochondira

Answer 48

inner mitochondrial membraine

Question 49

cytochrome c activates what

Answer 49

apoptosis

Question 50

lysosome membrane damage results in

Answer 50

hydrolytic enzymes leaking into cytosol | - these enzymes get activated by Ca

Question 51

what is the end result of irreversible injury

Answer 51

cell death