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Pathoma Bina > Female Pathology: Gestational pathology > Flashcards

Female Pathology: Gestational pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is ectopic pregnancy and what is the most common location

A
  • implantation of fertilized ovum at site other than uterine wall
  • lumen of fallopian tube
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2
Q

what is a key risk factor for ectopic pregnancy ?what can cause this risk factor

A

scarring

secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis

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3
Q

clinical presentation for ectopic pregnancy

A

lower quadrant abdominal pain few weeks after missed period

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4
Q

how is ectopic pregnancy treated? complications?

A

surgical emergency

- bleeding into fallopian tube (hematosalpinx) and rupture

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5
Q

what is spontaneous abortion

A

miscarriage of fetus occurring before 20 weeks gestation ( usually first trimester)

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6
Q

clinical symptoms of spontaneous abortion

A

vaginal bleeding
cramp-like pain
passage of fetal tissues

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7
Q

what are causes of spontaneous abortion

A
  • chromosomal anomalies ( trisomy 16)
  • hypercoagulable states ( antiphospholipid syndrome)
    congenital infection
  • exposure to teratogens ( especially first 2 weeks of embryogenesis)
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8
Q

what happens in baby is exposed to teratogens first 2 weeks of gestation

A

spontaneous abortion

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9
Q

what happens in baby is exposed to teratogens during weeks 3-8 of gestation

A

risk of organ malformation

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10
Q

what happens in baby is exposed to teratogens during months 3-9 of gestation

A

risk of organ hypoplasia

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11
Q

what is the most common cause of mental retardation in fetus

A

mental retardation

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12
Q

Alcohol to fetus can cause

A

facial abnormalities and microcephaly

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13
Q

Cocaine to fetus can cause

A

intrauterine growth retardation

placental abruption

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14
Q

Thalidomide to fetus can cause

A

limb defects

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15
Q

Cigarette smoking to fetus can cause

A

intrauterine growth retardation

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16
Q

Isotretinion to fetus can cause

A

spontaneous abortion

hearing and visual impairments

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17
Q

Tetracycline to fetus can cause

A

discolored teeth

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18
Q

Warfarin to fetus can cause

A

fetal bleeding

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19
Q

Phenytion to fetus can cause

A

digit hypoplasia

cleft lip/palate

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20
Q

what is placenta accreta

A

implantation of placenta in lower uterine segment

placenta overlies cervical os ( opening)

21
Q

clinical presentation of placenta accreta

A

third-trimester bleeding

22
Q

solution for placent accreat

A

requires delivery of fetus by cesarean section

23
Q

What is a common cause of still birth

A

placental abruption

24
Q

what is placental abruption

A

separation of placenta from decidua prior to delivery of fetus

25
what is placenta accreta
improper implantation of placenta into myometrium with little or no intervening decidua
26
clinical presentation of placenta accreta
difficult delivery of the placenta and postpartum bleeding
27
If a patient has placenta accreta, what does she often require after
hysterectomy
28
What is preeclampsia? when does it usually occur
pregnancy-induced hypertension, proteinuria, and edema | - usually 3rd trimester
29
hypertension in preeclampsia can lead to what clinical symtpoms
headaches and visual abnormalities
30
what is eclampisa
preeclampsia with seizures
31
How is preeclampsia resolved
resolves after delivery
32
what is HELLP?
preeclampsia with thrombotic microangiopathy involving the liver - Hemolysis - Elevated Liver enzymes - Low Platelets
33
what would you do if your patient had either eclampisa or HELLP
immediate delivery
34
sudden infant death syndrome?
death of a healthy infant ( 1month - 1year) without obvious cause
35
when do you infants usually expire in sudden infant death syndrome
during sleep
36
what are risk factors of sudden infant death syndrome
sleeping on stomach exposure to cigarette smoke prematurity
37
what is hydatidiform mole
abnormal conception characterized by swollen and edematous villi with proliferation of trophoblasts
38
what happens to the uterus and hormone levels in hydatidiform mole
- uterus expands like normal pregnancy, but uterus is much larger - Beta-hCG much higher than expected for date of gestation
39
when does hydatidiform mole present? what does it look like like?
second trimester as passage of grape-like masses through vaginal canal
40
how is hydatidiform mole diagnoised
- routine ultrasound in early first trimester - fetal heart sounds absent - 'snowstrom' appearance on ultrasound
41
what is the genetics of partial hydatidiform mole
normal ovum fertilized by 2 sperm or one sperm that duplicates chromosomes 69 chromosomes
42
what is the genetics of complete hydatidiform mole
empty ovum fertilized by 2 sperm or one sperm that duplicates chromosomes 46 chromosomes
43
is fetal tissue present/absent in partial or complete hydatidiform mole
partial: present complete: absent
44
describe the villous edema in partial and complete hydatidiform mole
partial: some villi are hydropic, some normal complete: most villi are hydropic
45
describe the trophoblastic proliferation in partial and complete hydatidiform mole
partial: focal proliferation present around hydropic villi complete: diffuse, circumferential proliferation around hydropic villi
46
What is the risk of choriocarcinoma in partial and complete hydatidiform mole
partial: minimal Complete: 2-3%
47
how is hydatidiform mole treated? what need to be monitored and why
suction curettage - subsequent Beta-hCH monitoring is important to ensure adequate mole removal and screen for development of choriocarcinoma
48
Choriocarcinoma may arise as a complication of what
gestation ( spontaneous abortion, normal pregnancy, ro hydatidiform mole) spontaneous germ cell tumor
49
what type of choriocarcinomas respond well to chemotherapy
gestational pathway | - germ pathway do not respond well

Pathoma Bina (38 decks)

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