Respiratory: Chornic obstructive Flashcards
What characterizes chronic obstructive disease
lung does not empty
-air is trapped
what values are changed in spirometry for obstructive lung disease
decrease FEV and FEV1 ( FEV1 is decreased more)
Increase TLC
Define chronic bronchitis
productive cough lasting at least 3 months over a minimum of 2 years
chronic bronchitis is highly associated with what habit
smoking
what characterizes chronic bronchitis
hypertrophy of bronchial mucinous glands
- increased thickness of mucus glands relative to bronchial wall thickness
- Reid index increases to greater 50%
what are 3 clinical features of chronic bronchitis
- productive cough with excessive mucus production
- cyanosis ‘blue bloaters’
- increase risk for infection and cor pulmonale
why does cyanosis ‘blue bloaters’ occur in chronic bronchitis
mucus plugs trap carbon dioxide
increase PaCO2 and decrease PaO2
Define emphysema
destruction of alveolar air sacs
what happens during exhalation in emphysema
loss of elastic recoil and collapse of airways
- results in obstruction and air trapping
In emphysema why do the alveolar air sacs collapse
imbalance of proteases and antiproteases
who and what gets released during normal inflammation of the lung
neutrophils and macrophages release proteases
what neutralizes porteases
alpha1-antitrypsin
how is the protease and antiprotease imbalanced in emphysema
excessive inflammation - increase protease
lack of alpha1-antitrypsin
what is the most common cause of emphysema
smoking
how does smoking cause emphysema
- excessive inflammation
- protease mediated damage
what does emphysema from smoking result in
centriacinar emphysema
upper lobe
what is a rare cause of emphysema
A1At deficiency
how does A1AT cause emphysema
- lack of antiprotease
what results from A1At emphysema
panacinar emphysema
lower lobes
what other clinical findings would you find for someone who has A1AT emphysema? why?
liver cirrhosis
- A1AT deficiency due to misfolding of mutated protein
- mutant A1At accumulates in endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes,
- liver damage
what does biopsy of liver cirrhosis show in an A1AT deficient person
reveals pink, PAS-positive globules in hepatocytes
what is the severity of A1AT based on
degree of A1AT deficiency