Chap1: Growth Adaptations

Question 1

An increase, decrease, or change in stress on an organ can result in what

Answer 1

growth adaptations

Question 2

Define hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in size of cell

Question 3

define hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in number of cell

Question 4

MOA for hypertrophy

Answer 4

gene activation
protein synthesis
production of organelles

Question 5

MOA for hyperplasia

Answer 5

production of new cells from stem cells

Question 6

Give an example when hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur together

Answer 6

uterus duging pregnancy

Question 7

name 3 permanent cells in the body

Answer 7

cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
nerve

Question 8

do permanent cells undergo hyperplasia or hypertrophy

Answer 8

hypertrophy only

Question 9

what is an example of a pathologic hyperplasia that does increase the risk of cancer

Answer 9

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 10

define atrophy

Answer 10

decrease in stress leads to decrease in organ size

-either or decrease in number and/or size

Question 11

in atrophy how does it decrease cell number

Answer 11

apoptosis

Question 12

In atrophy what are 2 processes that decrease size

Answer 12

1. ubiquitin-proteosome degradation

2. autophagy of cellular components

Question 13

what happens in the ubiquitin-proteosome degradation

Answer 13

ubiquitin- tags on intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton
proteosomes - destroy them

Question 14

what happens in autophagy of cellular components

Answer 14

generation of autophagic vacuoles

-vacuoles fuse with lysosomes ( hydrolytic enzymes break down cellular components)

Question 15

define metaplasia

Answer 15

change in stress on an organ leads to a change in cell type

Question 16

why does metaplasia occur

Answer 16

metaplastic cells are better able to handle the new stress

Question 17

What is the classic examples of metaplasia

Answer 17

Barrett esophagus

Question 18

what is the epithelium lining of the esophagus

Answer 18

nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium

Question 19

acid reflex from the stomach causes metaplasia of the lower esophagus to turn into what

Answer 19

non-ciliated, mucin-producing columnar cells

Question 20

Metaplasia occurs via _____, which then produce the new cell type

Answer 20

reprogramming of stem cells

Question 21

Metaplasia is ___ in theory, with removal of the driving stressor

Answer 21

reversible

Question 22

Under persistent stress, metaplasia can progress to what

Answer 22

dysplasia and eventually result in cancer

Question 23

what type of metaplasia carries no increased risk of cancer

Answer 23

apocrine metaplasia of breast

Question 24

A deficiency in what vitamin can result in metaplasia

Answer 24

vitamin A

Question 25

Vitamin A is necessary for differentiation of what epithelium cells

Answer 25

columnar epithelium of conjunctiva

Question 26

during vitamin A deficiency what metaplasia occurs

Answer 26

goblet cell/columnar epithelium of conjunctiva into keratinizing squamous epithelium

Question 27

xerophthalmia

Answer 27

dry eye

Question 28

Xerophthalmia leads to the destruction of what

Answer 28

keratomalacia | blindness

Question 29

keratomalacia

Answer 29

destruction of cornea

Question 30

what kind of tissue can undergo metaplasia

Answer 30

mesenchymal ( connective) tissue

Question 31

what is a classic examples of mesenchymal tissue undergoing metaplasia

Answer 31

myositis ossificans | -tissue within muscle changes to bones during healing after trauma

Question 32

define dysplasia

Answer 32

disordered cellular growth | -proliferation of precancerous cells

Question 33

Give an example of dysplasia

Answer 33

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Question 34

dysplasia is ___, in theory with alleviation of inciting stress. If stress persists, dysplasia progress to carcinoma which is ____

Answer 34

reverisble | irreversible

Question 35

define aplasia

Answer 35

failure of cell production during embryogensis

Question 36

hypoplasia define

Answer 36

decrease in cell production during embryogenesis, resulting in a relatively small organ.

Question 37

name an example of aplasia

Answer 37

unilateral renal agenesis

Question 38

name an example of hypoplasia

Answer 38

streak ovary in Turner syndrome

Question 39

name 5 growth adaptations

Answer 39

1. Hyperplasia/hypertrophy 2. Atrophy 3. Metaplasia 4. Dysplasia 5. Aplasia/hypoplasia