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RUSVM Anesthesiology 2016 > Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Normal breath volume

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2
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

remaining gas in lung after normal expiration

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3
Q

Vial capacity

A

max expiration volume after max inspiration

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4
Q

Residual volume

A

remaining gas in lung after max expiration

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5
Q

Fick’s Law

A

Diffusion rate is proportional to tissue area, partial pressure difference, solubility f gas in the tissue
DIffusion rate is inversely proportional to Tissue thickness and square root of molecular weight

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6
Q

Diffusion of CO2 vs O2

A

CO2 diffuses 20 TIMES more rapidly than O2

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7
Q

What are the 5 causes of Hypoxemia

A 
Hypoventilation 
Anatomic R to L shunt
Low inspired O2
Diffusion impairment 
Ventilaation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch
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8
Q

What is the definition of Hypoventilation?

A

High PaCO2 (greater than 40 mmHg)

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9
Q

Shunt

A

Blood entering arterial system without going through ventilated area of lung

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10
Q

Diffusion impairment

A

Thickened blood gas barrier

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11
Q

Alveolar hypoxia

A

vasoconstriction of small pulmonary arteries

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12
Q

Hypoxia Pulmonary Vasconstriction (HPV)

A

Normal physiologic mechanism to match V:P

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13
Q

PAO2

A

Partial Pressure of O2 in Alveoli

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14
Q

FiO2

A

Fraction of inspired O2

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15
Q

PATM

A

Atmospheric pressure

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16
Q

PH2O

A

Saturated water vapor pressure at 37C

17
Q

PaCO2

A

Arterial CO2

18
Q

What is the Alveolar gas equation?

A

PAO2 = FiO2 (PATM-PH2O)-(PaCO2/R)

19
Q

Alveolar-arterial gradient

A

Difference between PAO2 and PaO2

Should be less than 10-15mmHg

20
Q

Arterial O2 to fractional inspired O2 ratio (PaO2:FiO2)

A

Clinically useful easy to calculate, objective measure of oxygenating ability

21
Q

What does a Arterial O2 to fractional inspired O2 ratio (PaO2:FiO2) of less than 500 mean?

A

V:Q mismatch

22
Q

CaO2

A

Content of oxygen in blood

23
Q

What is the equation of CaO2

A

(1.34x[Hb] x SaO2) + (0.003 x PaO2)

24
Q

What are the factors affecting ventilation?

A 
PaCO2
Arterial pH
PaO2
Pulmonary and airway stretch receptors 
Body temperature 
Stress, anxiety, pain
25
Q

What drugs cause minimal respiratory depression?

A

Benzodiazepines
Phenothiazines
Alpha 2 agonists
Opioids

26
Q

What drugs cause significant respiratory depression?

A 
Propofol 
Etomidate
Alfaxalone
Ketamine
Volatile anesthetics
Drug combos
27
Q

IPPV

A

Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation

28
Q

PIP

A

Peak Inspiratory Pressure

29
Q

PEEP

A

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

30
Q

Peak Inspiratory Pressure

A

Pressure achieved at the end if inspiration

31
Q

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

A

Pressure maintained in airway to prevent alveolar collapse

32
Q

When is a mechanical ventilator required?

A

Equine gas anesthesia

small animal if open thorax, using NMBD or patients with increased ICP

33
Q

What are the disadvantages of IPPV?

A

Normal Inspiration
PPV is not physiologically normal
Decreased blood pressure
Pulmonary damage

34
Q

What are the types of respiratory dysfunction?

A

Airway obstruction
Pulmonary dysfunction
Extrapulmonary dysfunction

35
Q

What should you do for animal with pleural effusion or pneumothorax?

A

Thoracocentesis

36
Q

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

A

Long soft palate
Stenotic trachea
Everted laryngeal saccules
stenotic nares

37
Q

Treatment for hypoxemia

A 
resolve any airway obstruction 
Positioning: sternal 
Increase PIP
Consider broncodilator 
PEEP
38
Q

What is the treatment for Equine colic and hypoxemia?

A 
No delay in starting IPPV
High PIP
PEEP
Bronchodilator 
Tilt table head up 
Improve cardiac output
Must balance positve pressure ventilation with maintaining BP and CO
O2 delivery dependent on CaO2 and CO

RUSVM Anesthesiology 2016 (38 decks)

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