Premedication

Question 1

Sedation

Answer 1

induction of CNS depression and drowsiness by the use of drugs

Question 2

Tranquillization

Answer 2

used somewhat synonymously to sedate

Question 3

Analgesia

Answer 3

(antinociception) loss of reduction of pain sensation

Question 4

General Anesthesia

Answer 4

controlled and reversible loss of consciousness, nociception, and mobility
Hypnosis and narcosis are sometimes used as synonyms

Question 5

Balanced anesthesia

Answer 5

using multiple drugs to achieve the goals of general anesthesia with less side effects than using a single agent

Question 6

Dissociative Anesthesia

Answer 6

a form of general anesthesia characterized by a catatonic state. These drugs dissociate the function of different parts of the brain; therefore, neural information is processed without proper coordination in space and time

Question 7

Neuroleptanalgesia

Answer 7

a state similar to general anesthesia produced by sedative and an analgesia agent

Question 8

Inhalational Anesthesia

Answer 8

general anesthesia using inhalational drugs

Question 9

Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA)

Answer 9

Achieved solely by injectable drugs

Question 10

Partial Intravenous Anesthesia (PIVA)

Answer 10

a combination of injectable drugs and a lower concentration of inhaled anesthetic agent

Question 11

Local Anesthesia

Answer 11

loss of sensation in a smaller, circumscribed body area

Question 12

Regional Anesthesia

Answer 12

loss of sensation in larger but limited body area

Question 13

What are the parts of the anesthetic procedure?

Answer 13

Premedication
Induction
Maintenance
Recovery

Question 14

Anticholinergics

Answer 14

inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system

Antagonists on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Question 15

Atropine

Answer 15

Lipid Soluble
Absorbs well IM, SC, PO
Crosses the BBB and placental barrier

Question 16

Glycopyrrolate

Answer 16

Water soluble
Absorbs slowly IM, SC, PO
Does NOT cross the BBB or placental barrier

Question 17

What are the indications of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate?

Answer 17

Increasing heart rate
Treatment of opioid induced bradycardia
decreasing salivation and bronchial secretion

Question 18

What are the contraindications of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate?

Answer 18

Tachycardia
Hyperthyroidism
Heart Disease
Narrow angle glaucoma

Question 19

What are the cardiovascular side effects of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate?

Answer 19

2 degree AV block
bradycardia 
cardiac arrest
Tachycardia 
hypertension

Question 20

Medetomidine + Atropine

Answer 20

Vasoconstriction
Tachycardia
Hypertension
DO NOT COMBINE THESE DRUGS ROUTINELY

Question 21

What are other side effects of anticholinergics?

Answer 21

Relaxes lower esophageal sphincter 
Mydriasis
Bronchodilation 
Dries airway secretion 
Intestinal paralysis 
CNS toxicity

Question 22

Why is it contraindicated for Atropine to be used in Rabbits?

Answer 22

They have high levels of Atropinase enzyme that break down atropine

Question 23

What is the preferred anticholinergic for Rabbits?

Answer 23

Glycopyrrolate

Question 24

What drugs are Alpha 2 agonists?

Answer 24

Xylazine
Dexmedetomidine
Medetomidine
Detomidine

Question 25

What drugs are alpha 2 antagonists?

Answer 25

Atipamezole | Yohimbine

Question 26

What are the strongest sedatives?

Answer 26

Alpha 2 agonists

Question 27

What are the effects of alpha 2 agonists?

Answer 27

Sedation Analgesia Reduction sympathetic outflow from the brain Reduction of stress response

Question 28

Where are alpha 2 receptors located?

Answer 28

Wall of arteries and veins causing vasoconstriction Inhibition of lipolysis inhibition of insulin release: hyperglycemia

Question 29

What are the CNS effects of alpha 2 agonists?

Answer 29

Sedative effects : weak in pigs some analgesic effect Muscle relaxation

Question 30

Cardiovascular effects of alpha 2 agonists?

Answer 30

Strong vasoconstriction Leads to high SVR and BP Reflex bradycardia develops due to high SVR and BP Resulting in low CO and tissue perfusion

Question 31

Respiratory effects of alpha 2 agonists

Answer 31

``` mild respiratory depression RR decreases but tidal volume increases Upper airway resistance increases V/Q mismatch in horses Bronchoconstriction lung edema hypoxemia ```

Question 32

GI effects of alpha 2 agonists

Answer 32

Salivation decreases Lower esophageal sphincter tone decreases GI motility decreases vomiting

Question 33

Xylazine effects in cattle

Answer 33

uterine contractions and abortion

Question 34

Alpha 2 agonist indications

Answer 34

Sedation of aggressive animals sedation in the ICU Sedation to manage post operative airway Prevention/treatment of seizures

Question 35

Phenothiazines

Answer 35

acts as an antagonist on dopamine, seratonin, alpha 1, and histamine receptors

Question 36

Phenothiazine CNS effects

Answer 36

Actions on dopamine and serotonin receptors weaker sedative effects no analgesia Antiemetic effect

Question 37

Phenothiazine Cardiovascular Effects

Answer 37

Antagonist on alpha 1 receptors | causing vasodilation and hypotension

Question 38

Other Phenothiazine effects

Answer 38

Antihistamine Antiarrhythmogenic Inhibit platelet function Penile prolapse

Question 39

Phenothiazine indications

Answer 39

Mild sedation prevention/treatment of opioid dysphoria Prevention of emesis caused by morphine sedation for dogs with laryngeal paralysis

Question 40

Benzodiazepines

Answer 40

``` GABA receptor agonists Sedative Anticonvulsants muscle relaxant effects Minimal CV and respiratory effects No analgesia ```

Question 41

GABA

Answer 41

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

Question 42

Benzodiazepine agonists

Answer 42

Diazepam Midazolam Zolazepam

Question 43

Benzodiazepine antagonists

Answer 43

Flumazenil | Sarmazenil

Question 44

Benzodiazepine indications

Answer 44

Premedication : combined with opioids, alpha 2 agonist, or both Induction: combine with dissociative anesthetics or Barbiturates or propofol Treatment of seizures

Question 45

What are the 3 Opioid receptors?

Answer 45

Mu Kappa Delta

Question 46

What are the classifications of opioids?

Answer 46

Full agonists Partial Agonists Antagonists Mixed agonist antagonist

Question 47

Full agonists

Answer 47

activate receptors and trigger full tissue response

Question 48

Partial agonists

Answer 48

activate receptors but do not trigger full tissue response even at high dose

Question 49

Antagonists

Answer 49

bind to receptors but do not activate them

Question 50

Mixed agonist antagonist

Answer 50

activate one receptor type and inhibit another one

Question 51

Potency

Answer 51

tells you the dose

Question 52

Efficacy

Answer 52

tells you the strength of the effect

Question 53

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 53

onset, duration of effect, administration strategy

Question 54

Opioid CNS effects

Answer 54

Analgesia | Decreasing the MAC of inhalants

Question 55

Opioid GI effects

Answer 55

Defecation | Obstipation

Question 56

Other effects of Opioids

Answer 56

Hypothermia Myosis or mydriasis Inhibition of urination Noise sensitivity

Question 57

Opioid Indication

Answer 57

Premedication Preoperative analgesia Treatment of acute and chronic pain

Question 58

Morphine

Answer 58

Strong analgesic | May cause histamine release

Question 59

Hydromorphone, oxymorphone

Answer 59

Strong analgesic | No histamine release

Question 60

Fentanyl

Answer 60

Strong Analgesic Fast onset short duration No histamine release

Question 61

Butorphanol

Answer 61

Weak and short acting analgesic Antagonist on mu and agonist on kappa Used for premedication in combo with benzodiazepine or alpha 2 agonists

Question 62

Buprenorphine

Answer 62

Partial mu agonist | Strong analgesic than butorphanol but weaker than full mu agonist

Question 63

Tramadol

Answer 63

Weak analgesic | inhibits NE and serotonin reuptake