Pain Assessment Flashcards
What are the generalized pain behaviors?
Decreased appetite Decreased sleeping time Changes in facial expression Limping or lameness Increased or decreased activity Abnormal posture Licking, scratching or self mutilation Decreased grooming Vocalization aggression poor body condition
What are the canine pain behaviors?
Lameness "Praying Position" Head Tilt Guarding painful site Decreased activity Social withdrawal Aggression
What position signals abdominal pain?
“Praying position”
What behavior signals ear pain?
Head Tilt
What are Feline pain behaviors?
Hiding Social withdrawal Decreased appetite Decreased grooming Excessive licking lameness reluctance to jump Reluctance to use litter box or "missing' the box Squinting eyes Lowered ears aggression crouching posture at back of cage
What are equine pain behaviors?
Lameness Standing at back of stall Decreased social interaction or interest in surroundings Decreased appetite Pain Face Colic
What are ruminant pain behaviors?
Bruxism (teeth grinding) hypersalivation Abnormal facial expression Decreased appetite and rumination Decreased Milk production Isolation from herd Vocalization Grunting
What are some biological markers of pain?
Cortisol Glucose Catecholamines Endorphins enkephalins Lactic acid free fatty acid
What are signs of pain seen under General anesthesia?
Movement Trembling Increased HR Increased RR Increased blood pressure
What are the two Analgesic strategies?
Preemptive
Multimodal
What is the mainstay treatment for perioperative pain?
Opioids
What are the three receptors of opioids?
Mu
Kappa
Delta
What are the three common opioids?
Pure Mu agonists
Partial mu agonists
Mu antagonists
How does Tramadol work?
Inhibits serotonin reuptake
How do NSAIDs work?
Inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
COX-2
produces prostaglandins for inflammation and pain
COX-1
produces prostaglandins for GI/Renal protection and platelet function
What are common NSAIDs for small animals?
Carprofen
Meloxicam
Deracoxib
Robenacoxib
What are common NSAIDs for large animals?
Phenylbutazone
Flunixin meglumine
Firocoxib
Diclofenac
Where are NMDA antagonists located?
Spinal cord
What facilitates pain transmission?
Glutamate
What are common NMDA antagonists?
Ketamine
Amantadine
