Pain Assessment Flashcards
1
Q
What are the generalized pain behaviors?
A
Decreased appetite Decreased sleeping time Changes in facial expression Limping or lameness Increased or decreased activity Abnormal posture Licking, scratching or self mutilation Decreased grooming Vocalization aggression poor body condition
2
Q
What are the canine pain behaviors?
A
Lameness "Praying Position" Head Tilt Guarding painful site Decreased activity Social withdrawal Aggression
3
Q
What position signals abdominal pain?
A
“Praying position”
4
Q
What behavior signals ear pain?
A
Head Tilt
5
Q
What are Feline pain behaviors?
A
Hiding Social withdrawal Decreased appetite Decreased grooming Excessive licking lameness reluctance to jump Reluctance to use litter box or "missing' the box Squinting eyes Lowered ears aggression crouching posture at back of cage
6
Q
What are equine pain behaviors?
A
Lameness Standing at back of stall Decreased social interaction or interest in surroundings Decreased appetite Pain Face Colic
7
Q
What are ruminant pain behaviors?
A
Bruxism (teeth grinding) hypersalivation Abnormal facial expression Decreased appetite and rumination Decreased Milk production Isolation from herd Vocalization Grunting
8
Q
What are some biological markers of pain?
A
Cortisol Glucose Catecholamines Endorphins enkephalins Lactic acid free fatty acid
9
Q
What are signs of pain seen under General anesthesia?
A
Movement Trembling Increased HR Increased RR Increased blood pressure
10
Q
What are the two Analgesic strategies?
A
Preemptive
Multimodal
11
Q
What is the mainstay treatment for perioperative pain?
A
Opioids
12
Q
What are the three receptors of opioids?
A
Mu
Kappa
Delta
13
Q
What are the three common opioids?
A
Pure Mu agonists
Partial mu agonists
Mu antagonists
14
Q
How does Tramadol work?
A
Inhibits serotonin reuptake
15
Q
How do NSAIDs work?
A
Inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
