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Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 > Respiratory (Asthma) Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Respiratory (Asthma) Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most leading chronic disease in developed coounties and its incidence is increasing ?

COPD ?
Asthma ?

A

Asthma

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2
Q

Is asthma reversible or non-reversible ?

A

Reversible

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3
Q

What is the main resaosn of obstruction in the lungs in an acute onset of Asthma ?

A

Bronchi constriction

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4
Q

What cells are responsible for the release of cytokines and interleukin production & release that causes inflammation?

T - Lymphocytes
B - Lymphocytes

Bonus: What is the difference between Type 1 2 3 4 hypersensitivity reactions?

A

T lymphocytes

Type I: reaction mediated by IgE antibodies.

Type II: cytotoxic reaction mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies.

Type III: reaction mediated by immune complexes.

Type IV: delayed reaction mediated by cellular response.

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5
Q

What other cells are involved in asthma

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

A

Eosinophils

These cells are triggered by T cells activation & cause the release of a range of chemicals that’s involved in contraction of the bronchioles.

Also associated with production of toxic chemicals causing shedding of epithelial tissue

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6
Q

True or false

Macrophages have a bad effect on pts with asthma by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

True

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7
Q

What ar the 2 groups of drugs that are given to pts with asthma ?

A

Bronchodilators
Anti-inflammatory agents

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8
Q

Are beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists referred to be what type of drug?

Anti inflammatory drugs ?
Bronchodilatory drugs ?

A

Bronchodilatory drugs

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9
Q

How do beta 2 adrenalinereceptors agonists (bronchodilators) work?
Are they available for short and long-term?

A

Open airways by directly activating the beta receptors relaxing the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchioles that

Both short and long

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10
Q

Give an exemplar of a short last asthma drug?

A

Salbutamol

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11
Q

Give examples of long lasting beta 2 agonists ? Choose 2!

Salbutamol
Salmeterol
Ipatropium bromide
Formoterol

A

Salmeterol
Formoterol

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12
Q

What are the 2 most common side effects of beta 2 agonists

A

Tachycardia
Tremors

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13
Q

How does theophylline which is from the group of methylxanthines work on the bronchial

A

It’ relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle

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14
Q

Does theophylline have inflammatory effects ??

Yes or no

A

Yes

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15
Q

Does theophylline have a short or long half-life?

A

Short half-life

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16
Q

When would theophylline be used?

Asthma
Chronic asthma
COPD
Chronic COPD

A

Chronic asthma and chronic copd

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17
Q

What 3 systems are effected by theophyline?

Cardiac
Resp
Nervous
Urinary
Gastro
Endocrine
Lymphatic

A

Nervous - CNS (increased alertness @ interfere with sleep

Cardiac: increasing HR & contraction therefore BP increases

Gastric: indigestion due to increased gastric secretions & relaxation of cardiac sphincter leading to reflux

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18
Q

Name a muscarinic receptor antagonists drug?

A

Ipatropium bromide
Glycopyronium

19
Q

How long does it take IPB to have its bronchodilatory effects and how long does it last for in hours ?

20 mins ?
35 mins ?
45 mins ?

2-3 hours ?
3-5 hours ?
6-7 hours ?

A

45 mins
3-5 hours

20
Q

How does corticosteroids reduce inflammation?

Prevention of what being produced ?

A

Arachidonic acid

This leads to the reduction of prostaglandins and leukotrienes = reduced inflammatory response

21
Q

What’s dysphonia?

A

Change in voice

22
Q

Can beclonetasone cause weakening of the bone ?

Yes or no

A

Yes (osteoporosis) & Blurred vision & Skin reactions

23
Q

What are leukotriene receptor antagonists?

A

Leukotrienes are involved in the inflammatory pathway so these are drugs that blocks the effects of leukotrienes !!

24
Q

Give 2 examples of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

Montelukast
Zafirlukast
Flutixasone
Ipatropium bromide

A

Montelukast
Zafirlukast

25
Q

When corticosteroids are inspired what can be a problem ?

What can they cause?
Hint: Can—

A

Candidiasis

26
Q

What are the 2 groups of meds used for asthma

A

Bronchiodilators & anti - inflammatory drugs

27
Q

Explain Poiseuille’s Law of physics in relation to bronchospasm.

A

If thr radius of the of an airway decreases from 4mm - 3mm from bronchospasm or mucosal oedema the potential flow of gas decreases by almost 1/3 from that small reduction in the airways !!

28
Q

Do non selective or selective bronchodialtors work for preferably on the bronchial smooth muscle ?

A

Selective bronchodilators

29
Q

What receptors for beta 2 agonists target

A

Beta 2 receptors

30
Q

Alpha & Beta 1 stimulation

What symptoms will I see the patients have ?

A

Tachycardia and hypertension

31
Q

What class does theophylline drug fall into ?

Beta 2 adrenal receptor antagonist ?
Methylxanthines?
Leukotriene receptor antagonists ?
Muscarinic receptor antagonists ?

A

Methylxanthines

32
Q

What class does zafirlukast and montelukasts fall under ?

Beta 2 adrenal receptor antagonist ?
Methylxanthines?
Leukotriene receptor antagonists ?
Muscarinic receptor antagonists ?

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonists

33
Q

What class does fluticasome fall under ?

Beta 2 adrenal receptor antagonist ?
Leukotriene receptor antagonists ?
Muscarinic receptor antagonists ?
Inhaled corticosteroids ?

A

Inhaled corticosteroids

34
Q

Which class does Salmeterol fall into?

Beta 2 adrenal receptor antagonist ?
Methylxanthines?
Leukotriene receptor antagonists ?
Muscarinic receptor antagonists ?

A

Beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonists

35
Q

What does montelukast do?

Reduce inflammation
Reduce secretions
Reduce bronchospasm

A

Reduce secretions

36
Q

What does inhaled saline do ?
Saline nebuliser?

Draws water into airways & thins mucus
Reduces all types of inflammation
Draws water out of the airways making clearer?

A

Draws water into airways & thins mucus

37
Q

MOA: of corticosteroids

Reduces swelling ?
Relaxes muscles ?
Acts on nerves, prevents the muscles tightening up and reduces muscus ?

A

Reduces swelling

38
Q

MOA: of Long acting beta2 agonists

Reduces swelling ?
Relaxes muscles ?
Acts on nerves, prevents the muscles tightening up and reduces muscus ?

A

Relaxes muscles - bronchodilator

39
Q

MOA: of LAMA:

Reduces swelling ?
Relaxes muscles ?
Acts on nerves, prevents the muscles tightening up and reduces muscus ?

A

Acts on nerves, prevents the muscles tightening up and reduces muscus ?

40
Q

Which inhaler requires pt to take a slow deep breath in ?

Pressurised metered dose inhaler (pDMI)
Dry powder inhaler (DPI)
Soft mist inhaler

41
Q

Which class of drugs can cause a patient to develop diabetes, and cataracts

Steroids
LABA/SABA
LAMA

42
Q

COPD related:

Give examples of some Long acting beta 2 agonists (LABAs) ?

Formoterol
Tiotropiun
Salmeterol

A

Formeterol
Salmeterol

43
Q

How does long acting Beta 2 antagonists (LABA) help the patient?

A

Improves lung function
Less breathlessness & easier to breath
- pts will say they don’t get out of breath doing daily activities

44
Q

What’s the durations of formeterol and salmeterol ?

12 hours
12-24hrs
6-8 hours
9-10 hours

A

12hours

Salbutamol 6 hrs

Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 (22 decks)

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