Pain Flashcards
Transduction
a nociceptor experiencing an outside stimulus and generating a new nerve impulse towards the brain
Pain threshold
level of stimulation to activate the nerve endings, this remains constant.
What’s Hyperalgesia
threshold is lower, transduction/depolarisation occurs more readily. Tissues are already inflamed. Think arthritis, simple movement painful as joint capsules are inflamed.
Pain tolerance
the ability to withstand pain, this varies greatly between individuals.
Why do we get pain
Alerts
Protective mechanism
Protective mechanism
Pain is generated at the point tissues are starting to become damaged.
What is sensory pain
How it physically feel
Emotional components of pain
How you feel about the unpleasant pain
Autonomic component of pain is…
Physical reaction, tachycardia, tachponeeic, hypertensive (lil bit), nausea, diaphoretic
Motor component of pain is…
Withdraw from pain, vocalize the pain, purposefully lying still
Lying still (carefull for children and ask questions to patients a
Parents)
Nociceptors
Thermal
Mechanical These 3 activate these
Chemical
sensory neurons - free nerve endings in tissues, sensitive to tissue damage/potential damage.
Connected to the central nervous system
Nociceptors can be activated by three types of stimulus within the target tissue - thermal (temperature), mechanical (stretch/strain) and chemical (pH change as a result of local inflammatory process)
Where do we NOT have any pain receptors ?
Inner lumen of stomach
Pericardium
What has the most nociceptors in the body ??
Renal capsule
What brain injury may a patient not feel?
Abbrations
Fracture
Lacerations
Contusion
Contusion
The patient still get the symptoms
Are A fibres myelinated or non-myelinated
Myelinated for red
5metres to 40 metres a minute travel speed
Are C fibres myelinated or non-myelinated
(This is a afferent fibre) A and C
Non-myelinated: impulse takes longer to pass through as they’re non-myelinated
Half a meter to 2 meteres per minutes for the impulse to travel to the brain
What is a dermatome graph ?
A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, forming nerve roots that branch from your spinal cord. Your spinal nerves help to relay sensory, motor, and autonomic information between the rest of your body and your central nervous system (CNS).
The impulse of pain is activated by what fibres a or c
A
Why can’t you pin point the pain in a certain area ?
Because it’s a more diffused pain as there are not as many pain receptors. They are less in number In certain areas! So areas in body there may be just a certain type of receptors like chemical and physical but not thermal
Referred pain what is it
identified somewhere other than where it is generated, usually in an organ or deep in a muscle, referred in a predictable way.
Often visceral in origin
Where does neuropathic pain originate from ?
The nerve it’s self
“Neuralgia” can be described as burning, tingling or shooting pain amongst other descriptors
• Can be triggered by temperature (usually cold), light touch, slight movement.
• Can experience sudden “flare ups” of neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia pain is where ?
usually affects one side of the face. In some cases it can affect both sides, although not usually at the same time. The pain can be in the teeth, lower jaw, upper jaw or cheek. Less commonly the pain can also be in the forehead or eye.
Which nerve is effected in Trigeminal neuralgia
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), also known as tic douloureux,
is a type of chronic pain disorder that involves sudden, severe facial pain. It affects the trigeminal nerve, or fifth cranial nerve, which provides feeling and nerve signaling to many parts of the head and face.
What is phantom pain ?
Is pain/unpleasant sensation felt in an amputated limb 🦵
Not fully understood, mostly unresponsive to analgesia
What kind of medication is diclofenac sodium ?
NSAID
What are the 3 chemical components involved in pain ?
Bradykinin, histamine and prostaglandin
