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Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 > Gastrointestinal Drug Therapy > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Drug Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Orlistat a lipase inhibitor treats what ?

Rashes
GURD
Obesity
Diarrhea

A

Obesity

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2
Q

Name some adverse effects if taking orlistat?

A

Fecal urgency
Oily spotting
Flactence

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3
Q

What bacterium oftenly causes duodenal and gastric ulcers ?

Stephlacoccus areus
Helicobactor pylori’
Antacids

A

Helicobactor pylori

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4
Q

The treatment for GERD and duodenal and gastric ulcers would be what type of drugs ?

-IDINE’s
-Prazole’s

A

Prazoles

E.g: omeprazole, lansoprozole etc
These are proton pump inhibitors

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5
Q

Which antagonists prevent histamine induced acid release ?

H6 receptor
H6 receptor
H4 receptor
H2 receptor

A

H2 Receptor antagonists

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6
Q

What drugs end in -tidine

H2 receptor antagonists ?
Acid based gastric drugs ?
Proton pump inhibitors ?

A

H2 Recptor antagonists

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7
Q

Which drug binds to cytochrome P450 therefore adverse drug interactions with drugs transformed via cytochrome P450 are common ?

Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Nizatidibe

A

Cimetidine

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8
Q

What causes constipation ?
Choose 2 options

Aluminium salts
Calcium carbonate antacids
Magnesium salts

A

Aluminium salts
Calcium carbonate antacids

Drug: cimetidine

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9
Q

What causes diarrhea ?

Aluminium salts
Calcium carbonate antacids
Magnesium salts

A

Magnesium salts

Drug: cimetidine

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10
Q

What does antacids do?

Increase absorbtion
Decrease absorbtion
Delay absorbtion
Prevent absorbtion

…of ther drugs due to the the altering PH in the duodenum and a stomach

A

Decrease absorbtion

This is true for aluminium salts too

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11
Q

What causes hypophosphatemia ?

Phosphate salts
Magnesium salts
Aluminium salts

Not as obvious as you think ! 💭

A

Aluminium salts

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12
Q

Sucralfate ….

Helps decrease diarrhea ?

Helps form protective layer over mucosa?

Helps with absorbtion decreasing constipation ?

If you can name the MAIN side effect

A

Helps form protective layer over mucosa esp on ulcerated areas

MAIN Side effect: Constipation

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13
Q

Metacloprimide & Cisapride …

Increase gastric emptying

Decrease gastric emptying

Makes gastric emptying harder so they’re used in COMBO with other drugs

A

Increase gastric emptying

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14
Q

Was it metoclopramide ir cisapride that causes cardiac arrhythmias so it’s been removed from the markets in U.S?

A

Cisapride

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15
Q

Which receptors does metaclopramide work on?

5-HT4 receptors ?
5-CHL45 Receptors ?
HR4-CL Receptors ?

A

5 - HT4 Receptors

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16
Q

Misoprostol …

Increases or decreases bicarbonate & murine release ?

Increases or decreases acid secretion

And treats what?

A

1) increases

2) decreases

NSAIDS induced ulcers

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17
Q

Metamucal, dulcolax and Ex Lax
Laxatives, oral or rectal drugs ?

A

Laxatives

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18
Q

What does MILK OF MAGNESIA do ?

Draws water into Colon
Improves water and fat penetration into💩

A

Draws water into colon

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19
Q

What drug improves the fat and water penetration into 💩

Colace
Bulk - forming drugs
Stimulant laxatives

A

Colace

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20
Q

Tegaserod a 5-HT4 agonist was approved for what type?

IBS-D ?
IBS-C ?

A

IBS - C

21
Q

What does bulk forming agents contain so that it makes the stoools softer ?

A

Plant matter that absorbs water

22
Q

Stimulants (laxatives) increase what 2 things in the feces and increase motility?

Softening agents and water ?
Water and sodium ?
Water and electrolytes ?

A

Increase water and electrolytes

23
Q

Lubiprostone a prostaglandin E1 analogue is approved Tx for chronic constipation and IBS-C. What does it activate

Sodium
Magnesium
Chloride

Channels in epithelium of GI tract ?
Which then stimulates what ?

A

Chloride channels in the GI tract that stimulates intestinal fluid secretion.

24
Q

Another approved drug IBS-C pts can take are Guanylate Cyclades-C agonists. What do they do ?

What do they bind to ? Which leads to what?

A

Binds to receptors leading to increased secretions into the lumen and accelarated transit.

25
Q

What 2 conditions make up Inflammatory bowel disease ?

Crohns
Colitis
Coeliac disease
Ulcerative colitis

A

Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis

26
Q

Antibodies and antibody fragments bind to tumour necrosis factor to block what cascade in Inflammatory bowel disease?

Hint in the question it’s self 😉

A

Inflammatory cascade

27
Q

What are are the primary therapies used to control the inflammatory process in ulcerative colitis ?

Choose 2

Steroids
Immunosuppressants
5-aminosalicyclate (5 - ASA)
Antibiotics
Tumour necrosis factor

A

Steroids and 5 - ASA

28
Q

How does 5-ASA work in controlling inflammation ?

5-ASA inhibits prostaglandins activity and doesn’t work on parietal cells

OR

5 - ASA inhibits leukotriene production and has anti prostaglandin & antioxidant activity

A

5 - ASA inhibits leukotriene production and has anti prostaglandin & antioxidant activity

5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is an antiinflammatory drug widely used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.

It is known to inhibit the production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, but the mechanism underlying the intestinal effects of 5-ASA remains unknown.

29
Q

How do antibodies and antibody fragments help in Inflammatory bowel disease ?

A

Bind to tumour necrosis factor - x and blocks the inflammatory cascade

30
Q

Name the reflex which is the vomiting reflex ?

Vomitus reflex

Or

Emetic reflex

A

Emetic reflex

31
Q

Where is the vomiting centre located in the brain ?

A

Medulla oblongata

32
Q

What’s the name of receptors in the 🤮 centre in the medulla oblongata ?

A

Muscurinic receptors

33
Q

How do Proton pump inhibitors help reduce the amount of gastric fluid (HCL) in the stomach ?

A

The medication binds onto the proton pump

Omeprazole is a type of medicine called a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Proton pumps are enzymes in the lining of your stomach that help it make acid to digest food. Omeprazole prevents proton pumps working properly which reduces the amount of acid the stomach makes

34
Q

What 3 components activate the parietal cells to release protons that then bind to a certain element to make HCL?

Name the 3

A

Histamine
Acetylcholine
Gastrin

All three release gastric components

35
Q

What element does the protons bind to, when the proton pump releases H+ to produce gastric acid

A

Chloride

36
Q

What binds to the CCK2 receptor?

Gastrin
Acetylcholine
Histamine

A

Gastrin

37
Q

What binds to the M3 Receptor in the stomach

Gastrin
Acetylcholine
Histamine

A

Acetylcholine

38
Q

what’s the max effect of these proton pumps medications and how long does the dosage last ?

Max efffect:
2-3 days, 4-6days, 6+ days

Dosage lasts:
4-6 days, 1-2days, 6+ days

A

Max effect: 2-3 days
Dose lasts: 1-2 days

39
Q

What can suddenly stopping the reflux medication 💊 not gradually but suddenly do?

Hint: to the gastric acid

A

Rebound effect

that can cause over production of gastric acid & increase in reflux symptoms

40
Q

Short term effects of Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): <14days

Name the most common side effects:

Hint: there’s 4 symptoms

A

Headache
Diarrhea
Nausea
Abdo pain

41
Q

Long term side effects of proton pump inhibitors can cause effects. These are rare being at <1%. Name some effects if you can !

A
  • Infections: C.Diff (diarrhea, fever, stomach pain)
  • Pneumonia (increased risk of developing)
    Possibly due to how out stomach acid plays a role in immune function,

*⬇️stomach acid = ⬇️immune function

  • Deficiency in Vit B12, Mg, Fe (iron), Ca ⬇️stomach acid = ⬇️nutrient absorbtion
  • ⬇️ca= ospteroporosis - hip fractures
  • CKD
42
Q

What conditions is antacids used for?

Peptic ulcers
Ulcerative ulcers
Crohn’s diseases
GERD
Ceoliac disease

A

GERD & peptic ulcers

43
Q

How do Antacids work

Hint: acid

A

They neutralize the acid

44
Q

Why shouldn’t you give a child under 2 antacids. What do they contain

Hint: 1 word answer

A

Asprin

45
Q

Why can’t you give a child under 2 antacids and those with a recent viral infection. What metabolic disorder will the child get ?

A

Reye’s syndrome

46
Q

What are the side affects of calcium and. Aluminum’

Assuming that is calcium carbonate & almunimum hydroxide

Theres one symptom for both

Hint: Think C

A

Calcium & almunium - constipation

47
Q

Side effects of magnesium hydroxide ?

There’s only 2

A

GI upset & Diarrhea

48
Q

When should someone take antacids ?

A

Take on an empty stomach
And best at bed time

Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 (22 decks)

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