Ears, Eyes, Other Sensory Organs Flashcards
What are the two types of vertigo ?
Peripheral and central
Labyrinth is a condition of what type of vertigo ?
Peripheral
BPPV is a condition of type of what vertigo ?
Peripheral or central
Peripheral
What area does does central vertigo effect ?
Hint; both areas are in the brain 🧠
Brainstem and cerebellum
Where does peripheral vertigo effect ?
Caused by inner ear problems or vestibulocochlear nerve
What does vertigo effect?
AODL
Significant falls
Social anxiety
Panic disorders
Investigations that are done for vertigo ?
Imaging
Full neuro exam
What condition in relation to vertigo would a patient need CBT?
Aka: head movements to help someone manage the symptoms
Benign paroxysmal postural Vertigo
Ménière’s disease
What’s she onset ?
20-60 years
Ménière’s disease:
How long are attacks
2-4 hours
Ménière’s disease:
What is Ménière’s disease associated with ?
Hint: It’s a type of headache
Migraines
50% people suffer with migraines and the disease
What is memories disease associated with?
Autoimmune thyroid disease
Explain the mechanism behind Ménière’s disease
Blockage of the endolymphatic duct
Causing a build of fluid in the membraneous labyrinth that causes dilation known as hydrops
(majority of cases, but reports say 6% of autopsies seat there have been blockages to this duct but have never complained of symptoms
Symptoms of Ménière’s disease
Symptoms of Ménière’s disease
How many types of retinal detachment is there
5
3
4
2
3
Accronym: RTE
Section: ears, eyes & sensory organs
What is Ottitis media
Infection of middle ear
What ages does otitis media effect
2-12 months
7-18 months
6-15 months
6-15months
What other conditions are under the umbrella’ term otitis media?
There’s 4
Acute otitis media
Otitis media with effusion
Cholesteatoma
Mastitis
What is otitis media’???
Inflammation in the middle ear
What’s otitis media with effusion
Fluid in the ear
Ear eyes and sensory organs:
What’s cholesteatoma
Skin cells growing in the inner ear where there shouldn’t be and it’s a benign tumour that requires surgery to prevent deafness
Ear, eyes and sensory organs
Mastoiditis what is this and what can it develop to become into ?
What’ other inner ear condition is this related to
Bacteria that enters the bone that surrounds the ear and becomes infected with bacteria.
Puss and excudate might be seen
Its secondary’ to (AOM) acute otitis media
This can be seen in babies behind the ear when it looks inflamed and red
Why are children affected with mastoiditis primarily ?
Because the angle of Eustachian tube, the lumen is larger in adults and that’s why infection is less likely to develop !!
How will the child present with otitis media
Agonising pain
Pyrexia
Sensation of water in ear with effusion
Potential complications of otitis media
Mastoiditis
Meningitis
How long would it take for a ruptured tympanic membrane to heal
3 months
Cataracts
Is it one or both eyes where the patients will complain about these symptoms
1 eye
What is a cataract ?
Hardening of the lens in the eye
How many types of cataracts are there ?
2
3
4
5
3
Accronym: NPC
Media: effects nucleas of the eye (close up focus issues. Second sight: means when pts have a temporary improvement of sight to rn gets worse this is in nuclear cataract
(This is slow and takes years to develop )
Posterior sub capsular cataracts: this is effects the capsule that holds the lens
Associated with steroid use, Hx of eye trauma where they had to take dexamethasone eye drops increases risk of diabetes and extreme near sightedness. This develops very quickly within months
Cortical: effect the outer rim of lens
Significant issues with depth perceptions
This is very slow so takes years to develop
There are congenital cataracts associated with inter uterine infectional trauma during pregnancy and also genetic
You’ll see it with pts who’ have:
Myotite dystrophy
neurofibromytosis type 2
Rubella inutero
Risk factors to getting cataracts
Name a few the photo of the list is at the back
Conjunctivitis:
- is this contagious ?
Yes
Pts presents with prieur equilar lymphoedema which are the lymph glands that are directly anterior to your ears. They are usually enlarged in conjunction with the eye on the same side
If u palpate the
Viral conjinctivitis will take how long to resolve?
5 -10 days
7 -10 days
2 - 12 days
7-10 days and tell your patient they can either wash out the eye with sterile saline or prepare an eye bath with water but they’ll need to boil the water and allow to 🆒
If it doesn’t resolve a opthalmology referral via GP
(we can PHONE GP for that referral for the patient)
Bacterial can be treated topically by getting antibiotics like clorinfenical to smear around the eye, eye lids and works better than drops as it won’t come out with tears etc. they can be bought over counter
Cyclic acid can be used where they are taking the enzymes if the bacteria outside so its at its optimum level so it’s less efficient at multiplying to give the immune system more time to deal with it.
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Soft contact lens wearers which could lead to keratitis rather than it’ being bacterial
Oral antihistamines can help
Be aware of of potential STI or herpes virus involevemenr so if you go to a new born who presents with conjunctivitis so we can think they may have got this from the birthing canal or
chicken pox patients / shingles that effects the top of their noses. This could be a sign that the optic nerve could be involved
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Trip to pharmacy with worsening care instructions are needed not hospital
Macular degeneration:
Signs and symptoms
what is macular degeneration. ?
The macular is the most sensitive & a common condition that affects the middle part of your vision.
People struggle to read as they are focusing there have degeneration on that part which focuses
There are 2 different forms of macular degenerations.
What are they
Drusen is essentially little clusters of fatty lipids under the macular.
Wet - because blood is involved.
What ages does juvenile macular degeneration occur in ?
5-30
6-20
6-20
Pts would need to hold two recessive genes 🧬 from parents to have this type
Which type of macular degeneration would you need to advise to stop eating excessive amounts of vitamin A in their diets. The genes they have a faulty copy of is the one that breaks down vit A
Juvenile
