Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 > Blood & Lymphatic Disrdeds !! > Flashcards

Blood & Lymphatic Disrdeds !! Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood ?

A

Connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does blood develop from ? (Not where it’s produced which is the bone marrow.

Nodules
Lymph
Mesenchyme
Chime

A

Mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many litres do men and women have?

Choose one for each
4-5l
3-4l
5-6l
7-8l

A

Women 4-5L
Men 5-6L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 3 functions of Blood ? 🩸

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain blood transportation round the body and 3 areas, organs or glands that excrete waste from body?

A

Blood transports o2 from lungs > Body
Waste products of cellular metabolism to kidneys, liver and sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

exaplain body blood Regulation ?

A

Regulates blood clotting to stop bleeding
Temperature : increase or decrease of blood to skin

Regulate ph levels you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s the normal ph range ?

7.5-7.6
7.45-8.00
7.35-7.45
7.50 - 7.60

A

7.35-7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 3 proteins found in plasma.

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which is the most abundant plasma protein ?

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

A

Albumins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s the main fuction of albumin since it’s synthesised in the liver?

Maintain temperature
Maintain plasma osmotic pressure
Maintain homeostasis
Maintain osmotic temperature

A

Maintain plasma osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 groups that globulins have?

3 correct answer

Alpha 1 Globulins
Alpha Globulins
Beta 2 Globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma 1 globulins
Gamma globulins

A

Alpha globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are plasma cells :

Inorganic molecules ?
Organic molecules ?

A

Inorganic molecules ?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What protein is the production of RBCs controlled by ?

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lifespan of a mature RBC

100 days
120 days
150 days
180 days

A

120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 3 components are important for RBC synthesis ?

Heamaglobin
Folic acid
Plasma content
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Iron
Anaemia

A

Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is oxyhaemoglobin forms

When o2 binds with Haemaglobin
O2 binds with iron molecules
02 binds with mast cells

A

O2 binds with iron molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When 20% of C02 binds with hemoglobin of the RBC this forms what?

A

Carbaminohaemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Another way of saying WBC starts with L

A

Leucocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An increase in keucocytescdych as during an infection is called what ?

Hint: Think leucocytes

A

Leucocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

There are 2 main types of WBC called grannulocytes and agranulocytes but have 5 in total that go under them which are

Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes

A

Main Functions too:

Agranulocytes
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes

Granulocytes…

  • Neutrohils: (phagocytes) contain lysosomes, & protect the body from foreign material
    (They can move across blood vessel walls via - diapedesis. ⬆️ during pregnancy, MI, acute gout etc
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What shape nuclei does Eosinophils have ?

A / shaped
B / shaped
C / shaped

A

B shaped

  • migrate Across membranes via dispedesis
  • not as active as neutrophils
  • contain lysosomal enzymes & peroxidase in granules - toxic to parasites
  • allergies, hay fever, asthma and parasitic infection increase these numbers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are albumin, globulin and fibrinogen made ?

A

In the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Calcium needs one of the 3 plasma components to carry it around the body. Which one is it ??

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lipid soluble drugs like propranolol, benzodiazepines and hormones like steroids. How are these carried

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

A

Albumin

Pulls water back into the vascular system too (osmotic pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which is involved in the immune response ?

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

A

Globulin

Gamma, alpha and beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fibrinogen is activated by what to turn in to fibrin ?

A

serine protease THROMBIN

Fibrin being the chief component in forming clots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the buffy coat include ?
The remaining 1%

A

Platelets and leucocytes

Platelets are small blood cells & cell fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are platelets produced

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s the lifespan on platelets ?

5-8 days
5-9 days
6-9 days

A

5-9days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What’s the name of the protein that maintains the shape of RBCs?

A

Spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The breakdown of Used red blood cells is called what ?

A

Haemolysis & take place in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Breaks the cell into its separate components, throws some parts away and re-uses some parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Temperature of blood ?

A

37 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

By what percentage would have blood increased by in the 20th week of pregnancy ?

45%
50%
70%

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Angiogenesis what is it

A

When’s a Person grows new RBC s from the pre-existing vasculature

35
Q

What happens when collegen fibres become damaged?

A

Circulating platelets respond by sticking to the ends of them & creates a a platelet plug

Takes 30-60 secs and is called primary haemostasis

36
Q

Where is prothrombin produced ?

A

Liver

37
Q

What vitamin is used to produce prothrombin? In the liver

A

Vit K

38
Q

What is the role of factor x in the coag cascade and why’s it essential ?

A

Converts prothrombin (factor ll) into thrombin (factor lla) which is essential for fibrin formation

39
Q

Which pathway is triggered by damage to blood vessels in the coagulation cascade ?

Intrinsic or extrinsic

A

Intrinsic

40
Q

What is the function of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

A

Converts fibrinogen (factor 1) into fibrin (insoluble protein strands)

41
Q

Which factor forms a complex with tissue factor to initiate the extrinsic pathway in the coagulation cascade?

A

Factor 7

42
Q

What is the role of factor Xlll (13) in the coagulation cascade?

A

Factors Xlll cross links the fibrin strands reinforcing the clot and promotes clot stabilization.

43
Q

What factors play a role in clot stabilization

A

Factor 5 and factor 8

44
Q

Which factor converts fobrinogen to fibrin ? The number not the name of what converts it

Factor …. ?

A

Factor 2 (thrombin)

45
Q

Red cells count over 5.5 million is what ?

Anaemia
Polycythaemia
Leukemia

A

Polycythaemia

46
Q

WBC count under 5K is called what

Leukopenia
Eosinopeania
Leukemia
Leucocytosis

A

Leukopaenia

47
Q

Causes of Leucocytosis

Acute infection
Chemo patients
Sepsis
HiV

A

Acute infection

48
Q

Raised eosinoohils indicate what ?

A

Asthma, parasitic infection etc
Eosinophils are based immune response

49
Q

What does FBC stand for

A

Full blood count

50
Q

Haematocrit what does that measure

Number of blood cells in the blood

Or

The percentage of RBC in comparison to the total blood volume

A

% of RBC in comparison to the Tottal blood volume

51
Q

What does prothrombin time (Time) and international normal ratio (INR) blood test, test for ?

A

How fast the blood clots, measures the extrinsic pathway.

52
Q

When is measuring INR done. What drug does a ot need to be taking for it to be measured ?

A

Wafarin long term
INR: is calc from the PT test (prothrombin time)

Dose of warfarin will be adjusted correctly

53
Q

What vitamin is wafarin an antagonist of ?

A

K

54
Q

INR out of range can indicate issues with what organ ?

A

Liver

55
Q

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or (aPTT)
Activated partial thrombin time.

What drug would a pt be on where a PTT test would be needed ?

A

Heparin

56
Q

What does heparin promote

A

Anti-thrombin 3 that prevents activation of thrombin

PTT- checks that heparin is working

57
Q

Another reason as to why a pt would have a partial thromboplastin time blood test ?

Cancer ?
Hemophilia ?
Bleeding disorder ?

A

Bleeding disorder

58
Q

True or false
PT, PTT and a INR test would be ordered for those pts with a bleeding disorder ?

A

True

59
Q

What does a D-Dimer test for ?

Blood formation
Blood clot breaking down

A

Blood clot breaking down ( tells you there is a clot )

60
Q

Platelet count signify there’s too much bleeding and or too much clotting

True or false

A

True

61
Q

Does Hodgkin lymphoma start with a single or multiple lymphnodes ?

A

Single

62
Q

Which lymphoma has T-Lymphocytes that’s are defective ?

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

63
Q

Explain briefly what lymphedema is ?

A

Abnormal collection of fluid I the extremities where the fluid cannot move as freely as it should !

64
Q

What can chronic lymphedema cause ?

A

Cellulitis & fibrosis

65
Q

Name as many signs of and symptoms of Disseminiated intricacies coagulation?

A

Low plasma finrinogen ( not producing clots)

Prolonged bleeding

Petechiae

Acute renal failiure

Thrombocytopenia

Neuro. Impairement: seizures, reduced consciousness,

66
Q

Give me 2 examples of neoplasmic blood disorders?

Clue: it’s a proliferation of cells in the body
Clue 2: one is a blood cancer

A

Leukemia and Polycythaemia

67
Q

What kind of cardiac issue is someone with Polycythaemia at risk of ?

Cardiac hypertrophy
Cardiac dilated hypertrophy
Cardiomegaly

A

Cardiac hypertrophy

68
Q

Enlargement of what organs can happens with Polycythaemia ?

A

Spleen and liver

69
Q

Name two neoplasmic disorders ?

A

Polycythaemia & leukemia

70
Q

What blood cells does leukemia involve?

WBC

Or

RBC

A

WBC

71
Q

How many types of Anaemia is there?

A

4

72
Q

Why is vitamin b12 essential in relation to pernicious Anaemia?

RBCs can be man
WBCs can be made

A

RBCs can be made

73
Q

What does the intrinsic factor in pernicious anemia do ?

A

Helps unwrap vitamin b 12 so it’s absorbed but a lack of intrinsic factor decreases uptake of vitamin B12

74
Q

In pernicious Anaemia do the RBCs have nucleuses or not

A

Contain nucleuses as they are immature

75
Q

Where is the intrinsic factor produced ?
💡What cells in the gastric mucosa

A

Parietal cells

76
Q

What does the glycoprotein do to the vit B12 ?

A

Unwrap it so it’s absorbed

77
Q

Where in the small intestine or which part of it is Vitamin B12 absorbed ?

Illium
Jujenum
Duodenum

A

Illium

78
Q

What age group is pernicious Anaemia more common in. ??

A

Elderly

79
Q

What type of Anaemia is pernicious Anaemia ?

A

Macrocytic Anaemia

80
Q

What are the pts with sickle cell gallstones usually made up of if the usuall persons is made up of cholesterol ?

Calcium bulirubin
Potassium bilirubin
Bicarbonate bilirubin

A

Calcium bilirubin

81
Q

Which would someone with sickle cell form digitalis (swollen fingers and toes) ?

A

Kids it’s most common because ethane blocked small vessels

82
Q

What is splenic sequestration ?

A

Build up of RBCs in the spleen usually caused by a blockage in the vessels !

83
Q

How to diagnose splenic sequestration?
What signs and symptoms will a child present with ? And what age would they be?

A

Pale
Tired
SOB

All symps of iron deficiency Anaemia
Left sided pain that radiates to abdo

🚩: pain radiating from left side under ribs to abdo
🚩: Hx of sickle cell disease
🚩: symptoms came over a day or 2

84
Q

B

A

V

Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions