Blood & Lymphatic Disrdeds !! Flashcards by Hafsa Fadl

What type of tissue is blood ?

Connective

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Where does blood develop from ? (Not where it’s produced which is the bone marrow.

Nodules
Lymph
Mesenchyme
Chime

Mesenchyme

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How many litres do men and women have?

Choose one for each
4-5l
3-4l
5-6l
7-8l

Women 4-5L
Men 5-6L

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Name the 3 functions of Blood ? 🩸

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

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Explain blood transportation round the body and 3 areas, organs or glands that excrete waste from body?

Blood transports o2 from lungs > Body
Waste products of cellular metabolism to kidneys, liver and sweat glands

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exaplain body blood Regulation ?

Regulates blood clotting to stop bleeding
Temperature : increase or decrease of blood to skin

Regulate ph levels you

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What’s the normal ph range ?

7.5-7.6
7.45-8.00
7.35-7.45
7.50 - 7.60

7.35-7.45

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Name the 3 proteins found in plasma.

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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Which is the most abundant plasma protein ?

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

Albumins

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What’s the main fuction of albumin since it’s synthesised in the liver?

Maintain temperature
Maintain plasma osmotic pressure
Maintain homeostasis
Maintain osmotic temperature

Maintain plasma osmotic pressure

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What are the 3 groups that globulins have?

3 correct answer

Alpha 1 Globulins
Alpha Globulins
Beta 2 Globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma 1 globulins
Gamma globulins

Alpha globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma globulins

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Are plasma cells :

Inorganic molecules ?
Organic molecules ?

Inorganic molecules ?

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What protein is the production of RBCs controlled by ?

Erythropoietin

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Lifespan of a mature RBC

100 days
120 days
150 days
180 days

120

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What 3 components are important for RBC synthesis ?

Heamaglobin
Folic acid
Plasma content
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Iron
Anaemia

Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12

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How is oxyhaemoglobin forms

When o2 binds with Haemaglobin
O2 binds with iron molecules
02 binds with mast cells

O2 binds with iron molecules

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When 20% of C02 binds with hemoglobin of the RBC this forms what?

Carbaminohaemoglobin

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Another way of saying WBC starts with L

Leucocytes

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An increase in keucocytescdych as during an infection is called what ?

Hint: Think leucocytes

Leucocytosis

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There are 2 main types of WBC called grannulocytes and agranulocytes but have 5 in total that go under them which are

Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes

Main Functions too:

Agranulocytes
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes

Granulocytes…

Neutrohils: (phagocytes) contain lysosomes, & protect the body from foreign material
(They can move across blood vessel walls via - diapedesis. ⬆️ during pregnancy, MI, acute gout etc
Eosinophils
Basophils

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What shape nuclei does Eosinophils have ?

A / shaped
B / shaped
C / shaped

B shaped

migrate Across membranes via dispedesis
not as active as neutrophils
contain lysosomal enzymes & peroxidase in granules - toxic to parasites
allergies, hay fever, asthma and parasitic infection increase these numbers

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Where are albumin, globulin and fibrinogen made ?

In the liver

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Calcium needs one of the 3 plasma components to carry it around the body. Which one is it ??

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

Albumin

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Lipid soluble drugs like propranolol, benzodiazepines and hormones like steroids. How are these carried

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen

Albumin

Pulls water back into the vascular system too (osmotic pressure)

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Which is involved in the immune response ? Albumin Globulin Fibrinogen

Globulin Gamma, alpha and beta

Fibrinogen is activated by what to turn in to fibrin ?

serine protease THROMBIN Fibrin being the chief component in forming clots

What does the buffy coat include ? The remaining 1%

Platelets and leucocytes Platelets are small blood cells & cell fragments

Where are platelets produced

Bone marrow

What’s the lifespan on platelets ? 5-8 days 5-9 days 6-9 days

5-9days

What’s the name of the protein that maintains the shape of RBCs?

Spectrum

The breakdown of Used red blood cells is called what ?

Haemolysis & take place in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow Breaks the cell into its separate components, throws some parts away and re-uses some parts

Temperature of blood ?

37 degrees

By what percentage would have blood increased by in the 20th week of pregnancy ? 45% 50% 70%

50%

Angiogenesis what is it

When’s a Person grows new RBC s from the pre-existing vasculature

What happens when collegen fibres become damaged?

Circulating platelets respond by sticking to the ends of them & creates a a platelet plug Takes 30-60 secs and is called primary haemostasis

Where is prothrombin produced ?

Liver

What vitamin is used to produce prothrombin? In the liver

Vit K

What is the role of factor x in the coag cascade and why’s it essential ?

Converts prothrombin (factor ll) into thrombin (factor lla) which is essential for fibrin formation

Which pathway is triggered by damage to blood vessels in the coagulation cascade ? Intrinsic or extrinsic

Intrinsic

What is the function of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?

Converts fibrinogen (factor 1) into fibrin (insoluble protein strands)

Which factor forms a complex with tissue factor to initiate the extrinsic pathway in the coagulation cascade?

Factor 7

What is the role of factor Xlll (13) in the coagulation cascade?

Factors Xlll cross links the fibrin strands reinforcing the clot and promotes clot stabilization.

What factors play a role in clot stabilization

Factor 5 and factor 8

Which factor converts fobrinogen to fibrin ? The number not the name of what converts it Factor …. ?

Factor 2 (thrombin)

Red cells count over 5.5 million is what ? Anaemia Polycythaemia Leukemia

Polycythaemia

WBC count under 5K is called what Leukopenia Eosinopeania Leukemia Leucocytosis

Leukopaenia

Causes of Leucocytosis Acute infection Chemo patients Sepsis HiV

Acute infection

Raised eosinoohils indicate what ?

Asthma, parasitic infection etc Eosinophils are based immune response

What does FBC stand for

Full blood count

Haematocrit what does that measure Number of blood cells in the blood Or The percentage of RBC in comparison to the total blood volume

% of RBC in comparison to the Tottal blood volume

What does prothrombin time (Time) and international normal ratio (INR) blood test, test for ?

How fast the blood clots, measures the extrinsic pathway.

When is measuring INR done. What drug does a ot need to be taking for it to be measured ?

Wafarin long term INR: is calc from the PT test (prothrombin time) Dose of warfarin will be adjusted correctly

What vitamin is wafarin an antagonist of ?

INR out of range can indicate issues with what organ ?

Liver

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or (aPTT) Activated partial thrombin time. What drug would a pt be on where a PTT test would be needed ?

Heparin

What does heparin promote

Anti-thrombin 3 that prevents activation of thrombin PTT- checks that heparin is working

Another reason as to why a pt would have a partial thromboplastin time blood test ? Cancer ? Hemophilia ? Bleeding disorder ?

Bleeding disorder

True or false PT, PTT and a INR test would be ordered for those pts with a bleeding disorder ?

True

What does a D-Dimer test for ? Blood formation Blood clot breaking down

Blood clot breaking down ( tells you there is a clot )

Platelet count signify there’s too much bleeding and or too much clotting True or false

True

Does Hodgkin lymphoma start with a single or multiple lymphnodes ?

Single

Which lymphoma has T-Lymphocytes that’s are defective ? Hodgkin’s lymphoma Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Explain briefly what lymphedema is ?

Abnormal collection of fluid I the extremities where the fluid cannot move as freely as it should !

What can chronic lymphedema cause ?

Cellulitis & fibrosis

Name as many signs of and symptoms of Disseminiated intricacies coagulation?

Low plasma finrinogen ( not producing clots) Prolonged bleeding Petechiae Acute renal failiure Thrombocytopenia Neuro. Impairement: seizures, reduced consciousness,

Give me 2 examples of neoplasmic blood disorders? Clue: it’s a proliferation of cells in the body Clue 2: one is a blood cancer

Leukemia and Polycythaemia

What kind of cardiac issue is someone with Polycythaemia at risk of ? Cardiac hypertrophy Cardiac dilated hypertrophy Cardiomegaly

Cardiac hypertrophy

Enlargement of what organs can happens with Polycythaemia ?

Spleen and liver

Name two neoplasmic disorders ?

Polycythaemia & leukemia

What blood cells does leukemia involve? WBC Or RBC

WBC

How many types of Anaemia is there?

Why is vitamin b12 essential in relation to pernicious Anaemia? RBCs can be man WBCs can be made

RBCs can be made

What does the intrinsic factor in pernicious anemia do ?

Helps unwrap vitamin b 12 so it’s absorbed but a lack of intrinsic factor decreases uptake of vitamin B12

In pernicious Anaemia do the RBCs have nucleuses or not

Contain nucleuses as they are immature

Where is the intrinsic factor produced ? 💡What cells in the gastric mucosa

Parietal cells

What does the glycoprotein do to the vit B12 ?

Unwrap it so it’s absorbed

Where in the small intestine or which part of it is Vitamin B12 absorbed ? Illium Jujenum Duodenum

Illium

What age group is pernicious Anaemia more common in. ??

Elderly

What type of Anaemia is pernicious Anaemia ?

Macrocytic Anaemia

What are the pts with sickle cell gallstones usually made up of if the usuall persons is made up of cholesterol ? Calcium bulirubin Potassium bilirubin Bicarbonate bilirubin

Calcium bilirubin

Which would someone with sickle cell form digitalis (swollen fingers and toes) ?

Kids it’s most common because ethane blocked small vessels

What is splenic sequestration ?

Build up of RBCs in the spleen usually caused by a blockage in the vessels !

How to diagnose splenic sequestration? What signs and symptoms will a child present with ? And what age would they be?

Pale Tired SOB All symps of iron deficiency Anaemia Left sided pain that radiates to abdo 🚩: pain radiating from left side under ribs to abdo 🚩: Hx of sickle cell disease 🚩: symptoms came over a day or 2