Blood & Lymphatic Disrdeds !! Flashcards
What type of tissue is blood ?
Connective
Where does blood develop from ? (Not where it’s produced which is the bone marrow.
Nodules
Lymph
Mesenchyme
Chime
Mesenchyme
How many litres do men and women have?
Choose one for each
4-5l
3-4l
5-6l
7-8l
Women 4-5L
Men 5-6L
Name the 3 functions of Blood ? 🩸
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Explain blood transportation round the body and 3 areas, organs or glands that excrete waste from body?
Blood transports o2 from lungs > Body
Waste products of cellular metabolism to kidneys, liver and sweat glands
exaplain body blood Regulation ?
Regulates blood clotting to stop bleeding
Temperature : increase or decrease of blood to skin
Regulate ph levels you
What’s the normal ph range ?
7.5-7.6
7.45-8.00
7.35-7.45
7.50 - 7.60
7.35-7.45
Name the 3 proteins found in plasma.
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Which is the most abundant plasma protein ?
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Albumins
What’s the main fuction of albumin since it’s synthesised in the liver?
Maintain temperature
Maintain plasma osmotic pressure
Maintain homeostasis
Maintain osmotic temperature
Maintain plasma osmotic pressure
What are the 3 groups that globulins have?
3 correct answer
Alpha 1 Globulins
Alpha Globulins
Beta 2 Globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma 1 globulins
Gamma globulins
Alpha globulins
Beta globulins
Gamma globulins
Are plasma cells :
Inorganic molecules ?
Organic molecules ?
Inorganic molecules ?
What protein is the production of RBCs controlled by ?
Erythropoietin
Lifespan of a mature RBC
100 days
120 days
150 days
180 days
120
What 3 components are important for RBC synthesis ?
Heamaglobin
Folic acid
Plasma content
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Iron
Anaemia
Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
How is oxyhaemoglobin forms
When o2 binds with Haemaglobin
O2 binds with iron molecules
02 binds with mast cells
O2 binds with iron molecules
When 20% of C02 binds with hemoglobin of the RBC this forms what?
Carbaminohaemoglobin
Another way of saying WBC starts with L
Leucocytes
An increase in keucocytescdych as during an infection is called what ?
Hint: Think leucocytes
Leucocytosis
There are 2 main types of WBC called grannulocytes and agranulocytes but have 5 in total that go under them which are
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Main Functions too:
Agranulocytes
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
Granulocytes…
- Neutrohils: (phagocytes) contain lysosomes, & protect the body from foreign material
(They can move across blood vessel walls via - diapedesis. ⬆️ during pregnancy, MI, acute gout etc - Eosinophils
- Basophils
What shape nuclei does Eosinophils have ?
A / shaped
B / shaped
C / shaped
B shaped
- migrate Across membranes via dispedesis
- not as active as neutrophils
- contain lysosomal enzymes & peroxidase in granules - toxic to parasites
- allergies, hay fever, asthma and parasitic infection increase these numbers
Where are albumin, globulin and fibrinogen made ?
In the liver
Calcium needs one of the 3 plasma components to carry it around the body. Which one is it ??
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Lipid soluble drugs like propranolol, benzodiazepines and hormones like steroids. How are these carried
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Pulls water back into the vascular system too (osmotic pressure)
Which is involved in the immune response ?
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Globulin
Gamma, alpha and beta
Fibrinogen is activated by what to turn in to fibrin ?
serine protease THROMBIN
Fibrin being the chief component in forming clots
What does the buffy coat include ?
The remaining 1%
Platelets and leucocytes
Platelets are small blood cells & cell fragments
Where are platelets produced
Bone marrow
What’s the lifespan on platelets ?
5-8 days
5-9 days
6-9 days
5-9days
What’s the name of the protein that maintains the shape of RBCs?
Spectrum
The breakdown of Used red blood cells is called what ?
Haemolysis & take place in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Breaks the cell into its separate components, throws some parts away and re-uses some parts
Temperature of blood ?
37 degrees
By what percentage would have blood increased by in the 20th week of pregnancy ?
45%
50%
70%
50%
Angiogenesis what is it
When’s a Person grows new RBC s from the pre-existing vasculature
What happens when collegen fibres become damaged?
Circulating platelets respond by sticking to the ends of them & creates a a platelet plug
Takes 30-60 secs and is called primary haemostasis
Where is prothrombin produced ?
Liver
What vitamin is used to produce prothrombin? In the liver
Vit K
What is the role of factor x in the coag cascade and why’s it essential ?
Converts prothrombin (factor ll) into thrombin (factor lla) which is essential for fibrin formation
Which pathway is triggered by damage to blood vessels in the coagulation cascade ?
Intrinsic or extrinsic
Intrinsic
What is the function of thrombin in the coagulation cascade?
Converts fibrinogen (factor 1) into fibrin (insoluble protein strands)
Which factor forms a complex with tissue factor to initiate the extrinsic pathway in the coagulation cascade?
Factor 7
What is the role of factor Xlll (13) in the coagulation cascade?
Factors Xlll cross links the fibrin strands reinforcing the clot and promotes clot stabilization.
What factors play a role in clot stabilization
Factor 5 and factor 8
Which factor converts fobrinogen to fibrin ? The number not the name of what converts it
Factor …. ?
Factor 2 (thrombin)
Red cells count over 5.5 million is what ?
Anaemia
Polycythaemia
Leukemia
Polycythaemia
WBC count under 5K is called what
Leukopenia
Eosinopeania
Leukemia
Leucocytosis
Leukopaenia
Causes of Leucocytosis
Acute infection
Chemo patients
Sepsis
HiV
Acute infection
Raised eosinoohils indicate what ?
Asthma, parasitic infection etc
Eosinophils are based immune response
What does FBC stand for
Full blood count
Haematocrit what does that measure
Number of blood cells in the blood
Or
The percentage of RBC in comparison to the total blood volume
% of RBC in comparison to the Tottal blood volume
What does prothrombin time (Time) and international normal ratio (INR) blood test, test for ?
How fast the blood clots, measures the extrinsic pathway.
When is measuring INR done. What drug does a ot need to be taking for it to be measured ?
Wafarin long term
INR: is calc from the PT test (prothrombin time)
Dose of warfarin will be adjusted correctly
What vitamin is wafarin an antagonist of ?
K
INR out of range can indicate issues with what organ ?
Liver
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or (aPTT)
Activated partial thrombin time.
What drug would a pt be on where a PTT test would be needed ?
Heparin
What does heparin promote
Anti-thrombin 3 that prevents activation of thrombin
PTT- checks that heparin is working
Another reason as to why a pt would have a partial thromboplastin time blood test ?
Cancer ?
Hemophilia ?
Bleeding disorder ?
Bleeding disorder
True or false
PT, PTT and a INR test would be ordered for those pts with a bleeding disorder ?
True
What does a D-Dimer test for ?
Blood formation
Blood clot breaking down
Blood clot breaking down ( tells you there is a clot )
Platelet count signify there’s too much bleeding and or too much clotting
True or false
True
Does Hodgkin lymphoma start with a single or multiple lymphnodes ?
Single
Which lymphoma has T-Lymphocytes that’s are defective ?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Explain briefly what lymphedema is ?
Abnormal collection of fluid I the extremities where the fluid cannot move as freely as it should !
What can chronic lymphedema cause ?
Cellulitis & fibrosis
Name as many signs of and symptoms of Disseminiated intricacies coagulation?
Low plasma finrinogen ( not producing clots)
Prolonged bleeding
Petechiae
Acute renal failiure
Thrombocytopenia
Neuro. Impairement: seizures, reduced consciousness,
Give me 2 examples of neoplasmic blood disorders?
Clue: it’s a proliferation of cells in the body
Clue 2: one is a blood cancer
Leukemia and Polycythaemia
What kind of cardiac issue is someone with Polycythaemia at risk of ?
Cardiac hypertrophy
Cardiac dilated hypertrophy
Cardiomegaly
Cardiac hypertrophy
Enlargement of what organs can happens with Polycythaemia ?
Spleen and liver
Name two neoplasmic disorders ?
Polycythaemia & leukemia
What blood cells does leukemia involve?
WBC
Or
RBC
WBC
How many types of Anaemia is there?
4
Why is vitamin b12 essential in relation to pernicious Anaemia?
RBCs can be man
WBCs can be made
RBCs can be made
What does the intrinsic factor in pernicious anemia do ?
Helps unwrap vitamin b 12 so it’s absorbed but a lack of intrinsic factor decreases uptake of vitamin B12
In pernicious Anaemia do the RBCs have nucleuses or not
Contain nucleuses as they are immature
Where is the intrinsic factor produced ?
💡What cells in the gastric mucosa
Parietal cells
What does the glycoprotein do to the vit B12 ?
Unwrap it so it’s absorbed
Where in the small intestine or which part of it is Vitamin B12 absorbed ?
Illium
Jujenum
Duodenum
Illium
What age group is pernicious Anaemia more common in. ??
Elderly
What type of Anaemia is pernicious Anaemia ?
Macrocytic Anaemia
What are the pts with sickle cell gallstones usually made up of if the usuall persons is made up of cholesterol ?
Calcium bulirubin
Potassium bilirubin
Bicarbonate bilirubin
Calcium bilirubin
Which would someone with sickle cell form digitalis (swollen fingers and toes) ?
Kids it’s most common because ethane blocked small vessels
What is splenic sequestration ?
Build up of RBCs in the spleen usually caused by a blockage in the vessels !
How to diagnose splenic sequestration?
What signs and symptoms will a child present with ? And what age would they be?
Pale
Tired
SOB
All symps of iron deficiency Anaemia
Left sided pain that radiates to abdo
🚩: pain radiating from left side under ribs to abdo
🚩: Hx of sickle cell disease
🚩: symptoms came over a day or 2
B
V
