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Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 > Endocrine Disorders (Hyperthyroidism) > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders (Hyperthyroidism) Flashcards

1
Q

Under which condition is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis under

Hyper or hypothyroidism?

A

Hypothyroidism

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2
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is not genetic

True or false ?

A

False it is genetic

T3&4 reduced levels if it in hypothyroidism

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3
Q

Possible cause of a tumor where ? That will cause hashimoto thyroiditis !!!

> Think the endocrine organs <

A

Pituitary tumour:
This causes The AP to stop releasing TSH

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4
Q

What releases TSH?

A

Anterior pituitary

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5
Q

the synthesis of the thyroid hormone relies on what component. If there isn’t much of this in someone’s diet it can cause a decrease in t3 &t4 in the blood! ?

Calcium
Iodine
Potassium
Chloride

A

Iodine

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6
Q

Other than conditions
medications,
conditions effecting the pituitary gland

and what else causes hypothyroidism?

There’s 2 more

A

Thyroid Surgery
Radioactive iodine treatments

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7
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism on a cellular level ?

There are 2

A

> Weight gain - reduced cell metabolism

> Reduced temp - due to reduced cell metabolism there’s less heat as it’s a biprodyct of cellular metabolism

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8
Q

What’s are Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism in relation to cardiovascular system ?

Tachycardia ?
Bradycardia ?
Arrhythmias ?
Hyper/hypotension ?

Choose 2

A

Vasomotor tone is maintain by t3+t4 when it’s reduced it tips the balance to vasoconstriction which causes:

Brady
Hypo

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9
Q

MSK issues related to hypothyroidism:

Name a few
In the ans there’s 4

A

Bones - decreased growth & maturation

Muscle weakness

Hair loss

Brittle and thin nails

Dry & pale skin

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10
Q

Why is there increased parasympathetic activity in hypothyroidism ?

A

Because there is a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity !

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11
Q

Reproductive system issues in relation to hypothyroidism causes what ? In men?

In men there are 3 issues that are caused namely them

A

Reduced sperm production
Decreased sex drive
Erectile dysfunction

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12
Q

Again in relation to the female reproductive system what 2 conditions are caused by hypothyroidism ?

Endometriosis
Oligomenorrhea
Amenorrhea
PCOS

A

Oligomenorrhea
Amenorrhea

Due to reduced thyroid hormones the feedback loop produces more TSH which in turn creates more prolactin eventually inhibiting the production of testosterone and estrogen

Lecture 🛝
Prolactin’ functions mainly to promote lactation but helps regulate reproduction

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13
Q

What is 1 GI symptoms as a result of hypothyroidism ?

A

Constipation
As it slows down GI motility & secretions

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14
Q

What disease is a primary cause of Hyperthyroidism ?

A

Graves’ disease which is the primary cause

It is a Autoimmune disease

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15
Q

What causes oligomenorrhea & ammenorrhea in hypothyroidism?

Hint: thyroid hormones

A

Due to decrease t3 & t4

Feedback sys ⬆️ TSH = ⬆️ prolactin = which blocks production of estrogen & testosterone

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16
Q

What causes ammenorhea and oligomenorrhea in hyperthyroidism?

A

⬆️ sex hormone binding globulins

                       ⬇️

Bind to oestrogen & testosterone

                       ⬇️

It ⬇️ oestrogen and testosterone levels
In the blood

17
Q

What causes in hyperthyroidism fractures ?

Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts

A

Clasts

18
Q

What are trophic hormones

A

Hormones that have a target that isn’t an organ e.g

Hypothalamus releases TRH
⬇️
To the pituitary gland that stimulates
the TSH
⬇️
Which then have a effect on the thyroid gland to produced t3 & 4

Gland to gland to gland whereas effector hormones like the CRH hormone where it stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone in to the blood

19
Q

What causes dysfunction and disorder in

There’s 4 answers
Hint: includes hormones & trauma

A

The Glands (trauma/ tumors/ inflammation

Release or trophies hormones, and effector hormones

Hormone transport: like metabolism demand increase or heat making blood sticky

Target tissue: disruption, like trauma or infection

20
Q

Where is the thyroid located. Under which cartilage ?

A

Under the laryngeal cartilage

21
Q

What’s the job of the thyroid gland

A

Synthesise and release thyroid hormones

22
Q

primary effects of the thyroid gland is to … what ?

Hint: protein, fats and carbs - metabolism

A

Stimulate metabolic rate of target cells by increasing metabolism of protein, fats and carbs

Easier words:
When your tired, your body will detect that n they will send signals to the brain that we need more energy, so the

hypothalamus speaks to pituitary gland (AP) & asks for it to release TSH.

TSH reaches the thyroid gland which has T4 the storage hormone, where TSH interacts with T4 and converts it to t3 which then stimulates the metabolic rate of the cells therefore ⬆️the rate they metabolize proteins, fats and carbs in response to more energy is required !!

23
Q

Where does sodium potassium pump work? There’s 2 answers

( they are systems in the body ) !!

A

Stimulates the sodium potassium pump. Its vital for nerve stimulating the, cardiac and urinary functions

Kidneys: ( it helps maintain the sodium levels & K+ balance which effects the fluids maintainence)

Heart contractions: e.g bradycardia, tachycardia

24
Q

Failure of the sodium and potassium pump can cause the cells to what ?

A

Swell up therefore can give pts weight gain

25
Q

Where are catecholamines produced ? And name the efffevts of it on the body and symptoms someone can have with heightened alertness due to sensitivity to catecholamines ?

A

Adrenal glands as a reaction to stress

  • tachycardia, hypertension, muscle strength and mental alertness and glucose levels with breathing

If someone has a heightened Sensitivity to catecholamines it can cause heightened emotional responsiveness like :

  • depressed
  • anxtious
  • Jittery
26
Q

What are the 3 main categories of dysfunction or disorder

A

Goiter
Hypo/hyperthyroidism
Tumors

27
Q

What are the key functions of the thyroid gland?

A

1) Metabolic rate

2) Potassium and sodium pump regulation

3) Sensitivity of catecholamines

28
Q

What is goitre ?

A

Englargement of thyroid gland that is caused by various hyper or hypothyroidism conditions

Can compress the trachea and eosophagus and issues with swallowing and breathing

29
Q

Can you lie someone down flat if they have goiter ?

A

No as it will cause issues to their trachea and so having them lie in sitting up almost angle 📐 30* degrees would help

30
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

Toxic multinodular goiter

Adenoma (benign tumor of epithelial tissue)

Thyroiditis

31
Q

Symptoms of hypethyroidism:

Cellular
Cardiac
MSK
Nervous:

A

Cellular:
weight loss despite increased apetite
Heat intolerance (increased sweating)

Cardiac:
Palpitations and tachycardia -
(due to catacholamines and sodium potassium pump are effected)

MSk: weak 💪 & tired

Nerve sys:
nervousness and irratibility (enhanced effect of t3 on mood and emotional responsiveness)

Gi: diarrhea & large amounts of urine

Enlarged thyroid gland
Thyroid eye disease

Pt case study: 8week hx of D&V, pale, dizziness n tired, bp systolic 66.
She’s diagnosed hypothyroidism and started on levethyroxine for her condition then 6 months later she was suffering hypertheroidism symptoms.

Always take their Hx and have ur endocrine system as a differential diagnosis’s

32
Q

A disease that is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the UK and that is more common in women’ then in men!

A

Graves’ disease !

33
Q

What kind of condition is Graves’ disease?

Immune or autoimmune disease and what mimics what in this disease

A

Autoimmune disease where iGg mimics the effects of TSH!

Causes…. (Next flash card)

34
Q

Grave disease causes what to happen to the body in women ? What will I see as a paramedic entering the yard (house)

A

Increased t3 & 4 levels
Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
Exophthalmos (eyes protrude)

35
Q

What ages does Graves’ disease effect

20-30

20-40

30-50

A

20-40 yrs of age

You may have a patient who is a mental health patient that presents with gitteryness, anxiety, tachycardia, agitated you may want to investigate this by asking how their weight has been or diet, what their toilet for number 2s doing like, or how they have been sleeping, if there’s a Hx of thyroidism, what their temperatures like

Graves’ disease can KILL

Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 (22 decks)

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