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Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 > Endocrine Disordes (diabetes & The Rest Of The Disorders) > Flashcards

Endocrine Disordes (diabetes & The Rest Of The Disorders) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the body break down sugar into?

Glycogen
Glucagon
Glucose

A

Glucose

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2
Q

What cells release insulin in the pancrease?

Alpha cells
Beta cells

A

Beta cells

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3
Q

What dies insulin do to the sugar (glucose)

A

Grabs the the sugar and pushes it onto the adipose tissue cells and stores in tin the liver and other areas of the body

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4
Q

When glucose and insulin comes in contact what do they make ?

Glucagon
Glycogen
Glucose byproduct

A

Glycogen

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5
Q

What do the alpha cells do? They release …
Glycogen
Glucose
Glucagon

A

They release glucagon which releases the stored glycogen into sugar

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6
Q

The pancrease fails to produce insulin due to an autoimmune disease etc this then effects the amount of glucose that can be stored.

Which diabetes is this ??

Type 1/2

A

Type 1

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7
Q

What does the immune system do to the beta cells ?

A

Mistake them for foreign bodies so wbc secretes auto-immune bodies that destroy the beta cells

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8
Q

What does the body break down instead of it can’t use glucose for its energy??

A

Fat stores
Protein stores

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9
Q

What builds up as a biproduct when fat is broken down ?

A

Ketone bodies

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10
Q

What Can ketones cause if it accumulates in the blood?

Not DKA btw

A

Ketosis

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11
Q

Excessive levels of ketones in the blood causes what ?

A

DKA - life threatening

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12
Q

Explain insulin resistance

A

Cell receptors inhibit glucose from entering as their receptors are abnormal or are missing.

Glucose in the blood increases causing Hyperglycaemia

Over worked beta cells eventually feel overworked as they try and keep up with t their demand so they loose their ability to produce insulin

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13
Q

The pancrease has to compensate for all this glucose being in the blood. What does the pancrease do ??

A

The pancreas creates more and more insulin !! (Beta cells) to level the sugars out.

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14
Q

Addisons disease:
What is it?

A

Primary adrenal deficiency, that is caused by the destruction of the cortex around the adrenal gland. It can be caused by autoimmune diseases

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15
Q

Addisons disease results in reduced production of what 3 things ?

A

Glucocorticoids: like cortisol that’s released in stressful situations or released with low BM levels

Mineralcorticoids: (Aldosterone) not having enough water or salt for ur Na+K+ pumps

Adrenal androgens: dehydroepiandrosterone: natural or synthetic hormone that regulates the males characteristics

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16
Q

What causes adrenal sufficiency ?

A

Long term of corticosteroids

Disorders of the hypothalamus / pituitary

17
Q

What is he one hormone that the body cannot produce in time of stress ?

💡: it’s not adrenaline
💡: hint is on tue question

A

Adrenocortisol

18
Q

Addisons disease:
Why would a patients BP drop if they have addisons

A

The body loses control of the NA+K+ pump so blood volume drops 💦. This means circulation is inadequate & not enough cardiac output is not GOOD

19
Q

Addison disease
Why should as paramedics take BM levels of these patients ?

Explain in as much detail as u can!!

A

Reduced BM levels due to the reduced glucocorticoids in the blood

20
Q

What percentage of the adrenal cortex needs to be destroyed to produce adrenal insufficiency ?

A

90%

21
Q

Onset of addisonians disease

Acute or insidious
Acute or Chronic
Acute and random

A

Acute or insidious

22
Q

Precipitating factors that can build up to having adddisonians disease ?

A

Infection
Physical stress ( trauma or surgery )
Forgetting or discontinue glucocorticoid therapy
Pronounced physical activity

23
Q

Why should u be mindful of when a mental health patient has a history of Addisons disease ?

A

Because they could go into crisis

24
Q

3 treatments elements for pts with addisonians crisis !

A

Hydrocortisone after initial recognition

Rehydration.

Balance electrolytes

25
Q

How many types of diebetes are there ?

A

4

26
Q

Diabetes:
Other than the kidneys filtering the blood and impurities etc what other function does the kidneys have ?

A

Remove extra fluids

27
Q

When the body is dehydrated what is released by the body

A

ADH

28
Q

Central diabetes insipidus (most common)

Explain what happens in this diabetes internally (disease)

A

Deficiency in ADH

The hypothalamus doesn’t tell the pituitary gland to make enough of the hormone that is needed.

Meaning that the kidneys believe that water always needs to be taken out thru urine hence why they feel thirsty

29
Q

Treatment for central diabetes insipidus ?

A

Nasal sprays
Injections
Pills

30
Q

In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus what’ seems to be the problem ? Internally?

Choose one:

Hypothalamus doesn’t tell the pituitary gland to make enough of the hormone needed

The pituitary gland is producing enough ADH but the kidneys are unable to absorb the water when requested

This is expected in expectant mothers

A

The pituitary gland is producing enough ADH but the kidneys are unable to absorb the water when requested

31
Q

Which diabetes causes excess fluids in the body, this is caused by the excess fluid intake over time. Essential depresses the ADH that’s produced.

Gestational DI
Nephrogenic DI
Central DI
Dipsogenic DI

A

Dipsogenic DI

32
Q

Name signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia

A

Slurred speech
Lack of concentration/staggering gait
Tachycardia
Pallor
Diaphosresis
Anxiety
Tremor
LOC - loss of conciousness
Seizure

33
Q

Name three symptoms associated with DKA

A

Thirst (polydipsia)
Dry oral mucosa
Warm dry skin
Low BP
Decreased urine output
Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid resps)
Acetone breath
Lethargy
Decreased responsiveness/LOC
Abdo cramps
Coma

34
Q

Which is FALSE regarding the endocrine disorders?

Congenital defects in the gland are the most common cause of these dissordes

Their manifestations and severity reflect the actions of the hormones and the degree of dysfunction

Abnormal receptor function may contribute in their development

They may arise from excessive or insufficient function of the endocrine tissues

A

Congenital defects in the gland are the most common cause of these dissordes

35
Q

Which one of the following is FALSE about goiter?

Cabbage is a goitrogen

Goiteres are caused by hyperthyroid conditions only

It refers to an enlargement of the thyroid gland which is often visible on the anterior neck

It can cause difficulties swallowing

A

Goiteres are caused by hyperthyroid conditions only

36
Q

Which one is NOT a clinical feature of thyrotoxicosis?

Abdo pain
Hypothermia
Cardiac arrhythmias
Severe tachycardia

A

Hypothermia

Year 2: Pathophysiology 🫀 (22 decks)

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