Fluids, Electrolytes And Acid Base Imbalnces

Question 1

Which end of 0== is hydrophobic?

Answer 1

Tail part “===“

Question 2

What are the different ways that water and electrolytes can pass through the membrane?

E.g diffuse

Answer 2

Filtrations (water & solutes)
High pressure to low pressure

Diffusion: (solutes)
Na+, glucose anything that needs to spread out goes from
High concentration > low

Osmosis (water)
Low > high concentration
(drawing into high salt concentration)

Active transport: low to high concentration (ATP needed to move particles)

Question 3

Tonicity: fluids
Hypertonic solutions (high salt solution)

What happens to the cells

Answer 3

The cells move all their water from inside the cells to the outside instertitial fluid (space)

Question 4

Hypotonic solution is when there isn’t too much salt which causes the cell to what ?

Swell
Shrink or
Stay the same

Answer 4

Swelll:
As the water moves from outside into the cell to make it swell

• pts with cerebral odema you’d want to give hypotonic solution to as it will help decrease the swelling in generalised area

> hypotonic solutions: would be given to dehydrated pts as it encourages the fluid to enter cell rehydrating it.

Hypotonic solution swells and bursts cells !

Question 5

Electrolytes are ……. That carry a charge when they are disolved in water

Answer 5

Atoms

Question 6

What charge do cat-ions have ? (Cations)

Answer 6

Possitive

Question 7

Anions have a what charge?

Answer 7

Negative

Question 8

Inorganic ions have a what charge

Possitive
Negative
No charge

Answer 8

They may have No charge!!
When disolved into water it splits into its constituent electrolytes

Question 9

Normal value of PH?

7.35 - 7:45
7.5 - 7.6
7.45 - 8.0

Answer 9

7.35 - 7:45

Question 10

Bicarbonate normal value is … mEq/l

22-24
22-36
22-30

Answer 10

22-26

Question 11

Normal Na+ (sodium) levels: moll/l

134 -154

135 -145

153 -264

Answer 11

135 -145

Question 12

What’s K+ normal values ? mmol/l

3.5 - 7
3.4 - 8
3.5 - 5

Answer 12

3.5-5

Question 13

Ca2+ normal values (calcium) mmol/l

2.1 - 2.6
2.5 - 3.5
3.3 - 5

Answer 13

2.1 - 2.6

Question 14

Chlorids normal values ? mmol/l

95 - 100
96 - 106
96 - 105
96 - 120

Answer 14

96-106

Question 15

What causes someone to have the symptoms of hyponatremia

Hint: Think fluid in vessels and cells

Answer 15

When Na+ is too much in the vessels it tries to equalize by moving into the interstitial fluid then move into cells that have K+ in it and makes those cells swell causing them to rupture

Question 16

What regulates cellular potassium levels ?

Hint: pancreas

Answer 16

Insulin

Question 17

What assists the sodium and potassium pump ?

Epinephrine
Adrenaline
Insulin
Glucagon

Answer 17

Insulin and adrenaline

Question 18

Name as many Symptoms of low potassium (hypokaleamia)?

Answer 18

Decreased skeletal muscle function
GI disturbances
Alterations in cardiac functions

Question 19

What can hyperkalaemia eventually lead to if not taken care of ?

Answer 19

Cardiac arrest

Question 20

What else is calcium asssiting with other than:
Functioning of heart ❤️ muscle
Functioning Nerve and cell membranes
Aids in what other thing ?

Answer 20

Blood clotting

Question 21

Name some symptoms if hypocalcaemia (over stimulating of nerve cells)

Answer 21

Skeletal muscle cramps
Abdo cramps
Carpal-pedal spasms
Hypotension
Vasoconstriction

Question 22

What can hypercalcemia symptoms present like ?

Under stimulation of nerve cells

Answer 22

Skeletal muscle weakness
Lethargy
Ataxia
Vasodilation
Hot flushed skin

Question 23

What is ataxia ?

Answer 23

lose muscle control in their arms and legs

Question 24

What is deemed “VITAL” for maintenance of PH in the body it was mentioned in the acid, electrolytes lecture video on canvas ?

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Potassium

Answer 24

Bicarbonate

Question 25

What is the primary buffer system used in all bodily fluids ?

Answer 25

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 26

What is mainly responsible for the maintenance of stomach PH and contributes to the regulation of extracellular fluid balance?

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

Answer 26

Chloride

Question 27

What is dehydration

Answer 27

Refers to inadequate bodily fluid either due to excessive loss or insufficient intake

Question 28

What age groups is dehydration more serious in ?

Young
Middle
Elderly

Answer 28

Young and old as they struggle to replace fluid volume as quickly !

Question 29

What can cause Dehydration ?

Answer 29

D&V
DKA
Sweating
Insufficient intake

Question 30

Symptoms of moderate dehydration ?

Answer 30

Lethargy
Dry mouth
Muscle weakness
Headache and dizziness

Question 31

Severe dehydration symptoms

Answer 31

Unconsciousness
Shriveled skin
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Delirium
Death

Question 32

Antidiarrhoeals also known as anti-motility meds and bulk-forming agents are used to treat what ?

Answer 32

Acute diarrhea

Question 33

What is the most used anti-motility drug used?

Ends in “-ramide-”

Answer 33

Loperamide

Question 34

How did anti-motility drugs work ?

Hint: guts

Answer 34

They slow done the movement of the guy this reduces the speed at which facal matter passes thru.
As food will remain in the gut longer it allows more water to be absorbed back into the body causes firmer stools.

Question 35

🚩 what age should anti-motility drugs not be taken by persons under 12 if they present with what ?

Answer 35

Blood or mucus in their stools and pyrexia

And if they have

Distended abdo
Active Ulcerative colitis
Antibiotic associated colitis

Question 36

Name the investigations HCP would do to a pt with pulmonary oedema ?

Answer 36

Chest xray
Blood gas analysis
Estimation of cardiac enzymes
Liver function tests
Estimation of urea and electrolytes
ECG

Question 37

What type of oedema is present in bd bound people ?

Answer 37

Sacrel Odema

Question 38

Where and how does furosemide work ?

Answer 38

Works on the loop of henle and the distal consulated tubules by inhibiting the transition of sodium and chloride.

Increases the excretion of water, sodium, chloride and magnesium

Decrease blood pressure

Question 39

3 routes furosemide can be given ?

Answer 39

Orally
IV
IM

Question 40

Pts wit severe hepatic disease what could furosemide do potentially?

This is why it should be used cautiously

Answer 40

May cause hepatic coma

Concurrent use with potassium sparing diuretic may be necessary

Question 41

Oedema cause #1:

Explain what increased capillary hydrostatic pressure is?

Answer 41

Equivalent to high BP

So it’s the increase pressure in the capillary that eventually causes the movement into the interstitial space outside causing Odema

Question 42

Oedema causes #2:

In terms of forms there are many’s causes and one is loss of proteins. Which protein is essential at keeping fluids within the vessels? J

Answer 42

Albumin

Without enough albumin the pressure inside the vessels (hydrostatic pressure) and the pressure outside the vessels (osmotic pressure ) is disturbed

Fewer plasma proteins in the capillary allows more fluid to leave capillary and less fluid return to the venous end of capillary

Question 43

Oedema cause #3:
Obstruction of lymphatic circulation

What kind of Edema does this cause ?

Localized or wide-spread oedema

Answer 43

Localised oedema

Cuss the excessive fluid and protein are not returned to general circulation. This can develop If a tumour or infection damages a lymph node or if they’re removed

Question 44

Odema cause #4:

Explain Increased capillary permeability ? And whether it’s localised or widespread

Answer 44

Localised

Tissue injury

Result of an inflammatory response or infection.

Histamine and other chemical mediators released from cells following injury.

Causes increased fluid movement to area

Increased capillary permeability