Fluids, Electrolytes And Acid Base Imbalnces Flashcards
Which end of 0== is hydrophobic?
Tail part “===“
What are the different ways that water and electrolytes can pass through the membrane?
E.g diffuse
Filtrations (water & solutes)
High pressure to low pressure
Diffusion: (solutes)
Na+, glucose anything that needs to spread out goes from
High concentration > low
Osmosis (water)
Low > high concentration
(drawing into high salt concentration)
Active transport: low to high concentration (ATP needed to move particles)
Tonicity: fluids
Hypertonic solutions (high salt solution)
What happens to the cells
The cells move all their water from inside the cells to the outside instertitial fluid (space)
Hypotonic solution is when there isn’t too much salt which causes the cell to what ?
Swell
Shrink or
Stay the same
Swelll:
As the water moves from outside into the cell to make it swell
- pts with cerebral odema you’d want to give hypotonic solution to as it will help decrease the swelling in generalised area
> hypotonic solutions: would be given to dehydrated pts as it encourages the fluid to enter cell rehydrating it.
Hypotonic solution swells and bursts cells !
Electrolytes are ……. That carry a charge when they are disolved in water
Atoms
What charge do cat-ions have ? (Cations)
Possitive
Anions have a what charge?
Negative
Inorganic ions have a what charge
Possitive
Negative
No charge
They may have No charge!!
When disolved into water it splits into its constituent electrolytes
Normal value of PH?
7.35 - 7:45
7.5 - 7.6
7.45 - 8.0
7.35 - 7:45
Bicarbonate normal value is … mEq/l
22-24
22-36
22-30
22-26
Normal Na+ (sodium) levels: moll/l
134 -154
135 -145
153 -264
135 -145
What’s K+ normal values ? mmol/l
3.5 - 7
3.4 - 8
3.5 - 5
3.5-5
Ca2+ normal values (calcium) mmol/l
2.1 - 2.6
2.5 - 3.5
3.3 - 5
2.1 - 2.6
Chlorids normal values ? mmol/l
95 - 100
96 - 106
96 - 105
96 - 120
96-106
What causes someone to have the symptoms of hyponatremia
Hint: Think fluid in vessels and cells
When Na+ is too much in the vessels it tries to equalize by moving into the interstitial fluid then move into cells that have K+ in it and makes those cells swell causing them to rupture
What regulates cellular potassium levels ?
Hint: pancreas
Insulin
What assists the sodium and potassium pump ?
Epinephrine
Adrenaline
Insulin
Glucagon
Insulin and adrenaline
Name as many Symptoms of low potassium (hypokaleamia)?
Decreased skeletal muscle function
GI disturbances
Alterations in cardiac functions
What can hyperkalaemia eventually lead to if not taken care of ?
Cardiac arrest
What else is calcium asssiting with other than:
Functioning of heart ❤️ muscle
Functioning Nerve and cell membranes
Aids in what other thing ?
Blood clotting
Name some symptoms if hypocalcaemia (over stimulating of nerve cells)
Skeletal muscle cramps
Abdo cramps
Carpal-pedal spasms
Hypotension
Vasoconstriction
What can hypercalcemia symptoms present like ?
Under stimulation of nerve cells
Skeletal muscle weakness
Lethargy
Ataxia
Vasodilation
Hot flushed skin
What is ataxia ?
lose muscle control in their arms and legs
What is deemed “VITAL” for maintenance of PH in the body it was mentioned in the acid, electrolytes lecture video on canvas ?
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Potassium
Bicarbonate
What is the primary buffer system used in all bodily fluids ?
Sodium bicarbonate
What is mainly responsible for the maintenance of stomach PH and contributes to the regulation of extracellular fluid balance?
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Chloride
What is dehydration
Refers to inadequate bodily fluid either due to excessive loss or insufficient intake
What age groups is dehydration more serious in ?
Young
Middle
Elderly
Young and old as they struggle to replace fluid volume as quickly !
What can cause Dehydration ?
D&V
DKA
Sweating
Insufficient intake
Symptoms of moderate dehydration ?
Lethargy
Dry mouth
Muscle weakness
Headache and dizziness
Severe dehydration symptoms
Unconsciousness
Shriveled skin
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Delirium
Death
Antidiarrhoeals also known as anti-motility meds and bulk-forming agents are used to treat what ?
Acute diarrhea
What is the most used anti-motility drug used?
Ends in “-ramide-”
Loperamide
How did anti-motility drugs work ?
Hint: guts
They slow done the movement of the guy this reduces the speed at which facal matter passes thru.
As food will remain in the gut longer it allows more water to be absorbed back into the body causes firmer stools.
🚩 what age should anti-motility drugs not be taken by persons under 12 if they present with what ?
Blood or mucus in their stools and pyrexia
And if they have
Distended abdo
Active Ulcerative colitis
Antibiotic associated colitis
Name the investigations HCP would do to a pt with pulmonary oedema ?
Chest xray
Blood gas analysis
Estimation of cardiac enzymes
Liver function tests
Estimation of urea and electrolytes
ECG
What type of oedema is present in bd bound people ?
Sacrel Odema
Where and how does furosemide work ?
Works on the loop of henle and the distal consulated tubules by inhibiting the transition of sodium and chloride.
Increases the excretion of water, sodium, chloride and magnesium
Decrease blood pressure
3 routes furosemide can be given ?
Orally
IV
IM
Pts wit severe hepatic disease what could furosemide do potentially?
This is why it should be used cautiously
May cause hepatic coma
Concurrent use with potassium sparing diuretic may be necessary
Oedema cause #1:
Explain what increased capillary hydrostatic pressure is?
Equivalent to high BP
So it’s the increase pressure in the capillary that eventually causes the movement into the interstitial space outside causing Odema
Oedema causes #2:
In terms of forms there are many’s causes and one is loss of proteins. Which protein is essential at keeping fluids within the vessels? J
Albumin
Without enough albumin the pressure inside the vessels (hydrostatic pressure) and the pressure outside the vessels (osmotic pressure ) is disturbed
Fewer plasma proteins in the capillary allows more fluid to leave capillary and less fluid return to the venous end of capillary
Oedema cause #3:
Obstruction of lymphatic circulation
What kind of Edema does this cause ?
Localized or wide-spread oedema
Localised oedema
Cuss the excessive fluid and protein are not returned to general circulation. This can develop If a tumour or infection damages a lymph node or if they’re removed
Odema cause #4:
Explain Increased capillary permeability ? And whether it’s localised or widespread
Localised
Tissue injury
Result of an inflammatory response or infection.
Histamine and other chemical mediators released from cells following injury.
Causes increased fluid movement to area
Increased capillary permeability
