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respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the pharynx

A

throat

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2
Q

why are the lungs asymmetrical

A

due to the left lung having to compensate space for the heart and large vessels

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3
Q

what are the 3 categories of the pharynx

A

naso-pharynx, oro-pharynx, laryngo-pharynx.

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4
Q

what type and shape is the cartilage surrounding the trachea

A

hyaline, c shaped

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5
Q

why is it important that tracheal muscle can relax

A

to allow oesophagus to budge into lumen of trachea

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6
Q

the trachea contains ciliated epithelial and goblet cells; true or false

A

true

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7
Q

what is the Hilum

A

where the primary bronchi joins the secondary and tertiary bronchi

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8
Q

what are the bronchiole vessels

A

these blood vessels surround the lungs supplying them with nutrients

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9
Q

how many fissures are each lung divided into

A

right lung= 2 fissures, horizontal and oblique but the left lung only has oblique

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10
Q

how many lobes in left and right lungs

A

right lung =3, superior, middle and inferior, left lung =2, superior and inferior

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11
Q

what is the top of the lung called

A

apex

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12
Q

state structure and function of type 1 alveoli cells

A

simple squamous epithelial, make up majority of respiratory surface, allowing for rapid rate of gas exchange

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13
Q

state structure and function of type 2 alveoli cells

A

produce surfactant acting as detergent, this destroys surface tension ensuring alveoli don’t collapse, they also repair alveoli damages

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14
Q

what is carbon tattooing

A

uptake of fine dust and smoke taken in by type 1(alveoli macrophages) cells as they try to clean the respiratory system, making them black in colour

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15
Q

name 3 things that affects gas transfer in respiratory system

A
  1. partial pressure 2. thickness of respiratory surface 3. area of respiratory surface
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16
Q

what is partial pressure

A

this is the pressure of all the gases in a container added together - daltons law

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17
Q

what is out total air pressure on average

A

101kPa

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18
Q

3 common causes of V/Q mismatch

A

asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

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19
Q

what is V/Q coupling

A

v= alveolar ventilation (vol of air in gas exchange) Q= perfusion (blood that reaches alveolar via capillaries) and they must match equally for balance

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20
Q

what happens to V/Q coupling if too little blood or too little ventilation

A

both result in no gas exchange

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21
Q

at the Apex in V/Q coupling which is higher

A

V exceeds Q as there is a higher alveolar Po2

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22
Q

at the base in V/Q coupling which is higher

A

Q exceeds V lower areolar Po2

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23
Q

does good ventilation mean a high or low Po2

A

high Po2 as lots of oxygen present

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24
Q

does poor ventilation mean high or low Po2

A

low Po2 as little oxygen present

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25
Q

how is oxygen transported in rbcs

A

via oxyhaemaglobin

26
Q

what is the structure of oxyhemoglobin

A

4 ham groups, 4 iron groups and 4 oxygen groups

27
Q

what is the difference in structure from oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhaemaglobin

A

deoxyhaemaglobin doesn’t carry the 4 oxygen groups

28
Q

how may o2 molecules can one haemoglobin molecule carry

A

4 o2 groups so 8 oxygen molecules all together

29
Q

explain affinity for oxygen in heam groups

A

the 1st o2 group is the hardest to attach but then as more attach, more h+ are given off making it easier for the next o2 groups to attach

30
Q

how is o2 unbounded

A

this is done by the presence of h+

31
Q

what is the Bohr effect and what are the benefits/purpose

A

the Bohr effect is when co2 in respiring tissues reacts with h2o to form carbonic acid, this then dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ions. The H+ ions then help increase rate of unloading o2

32
Q

list the 3 ways co2 can be transported

A

plasma- 7-10% dissolves in plasma
carbaminohaemaglobin- 20-23% carried by haemoglobin
bicarbonate- 70% bicarbonate ions carry co2 in blood back to lungs

33
Q

name the enzyme that speed up dissasociation of carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrase

34
Q

haldine affect in tissue and lungs

A

in tissue- increase o2 release and in lungs - increases co2 release

35
Q

what is the upper tract of the respiratory system

A

all structure from nose to larynx but not larynx

36
Q

what is classed as the lower respiratory tract

A

consists of larynx and all structures below

37
Q

define systematic respiration

A

ventilation of the lungs (breathing)

38
Q

define tissue respiration

A

gas exchange between air/blood and blood/tissue

39
Q

define cellular respiration

A

use of o2 in cellular metabolism

40
Q

the order air flows from nose to pulmonary alveoli

A

nasal cavity- paranasal sinuses- pharynx- larynx- trachea- bronchial tree- alveoli

41
Q

name 3 functions of the nose

A

produce mucus, filter/warms/moistens air, detects odours, amplifies voice

42
Q

what is the hard palate

A

floor of nasal cavity/support

43
Q

what is the soft palate

A

moves superiorly with uvula, closing of nasopharynx and prevents food entering nasal cavity

44
Q

3 functions of the larynx

A
  1. provides open airway
  2. acts as switching mechanism for air and food into correct pathway
  3. voice produce ( houses vocal chords)
45
Q

why do males have more profound Adams apple and deep voice

A

it is larger due to higher presence of testosterone and deeper voices due to longer an thicker vocal chords

46
Q

how many secondary bronchi in each lung

A

right lung = 3 secondary bronchi
left lung = 2 (remember each one supply to each lobe)

47
Q

what is the bronchipulmonavry segment

A

the portion of the lung supplied by each tertiary bronchi

48
Q

what aren the structures of the bronchioles

A

small airways, lack supportive cartilage but contain smooth muscle

49
Q

what are the roles of the bronchioles

A

conduct air to terminal bronchioles and can constrict/dilate in response to autonomic nervous system

50
Q

what is the structure of the terminal bronchiole

A

o.5mm or less and contain cilia

51
Q

what is the function of the terminal bronchioles

A

conduct air to respiratory bronchioles and cilia prevent mucus accumulation

52
Q

why do mammals need large surface area in lungs

A

to support high metabolic rate

53
Q

what is respiratory membrane and what is its thickness

A

barrier between alveoli air and blood and its 0.4um

54
Q

what are the 2 types of pleurae

A

in the serous membrane, partial pleurae line the thoracic cavity
visceral pleurae line the external lung surface

55
Q

what are the functions of pleurae

A

produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalise the lungs, create pressure gradient and reduce friction

56
Q

why is interpleurael pressure slightly negative

A

this is because the partial pleurae on the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleurae on the lungs bind together creating a force (interpleural pressure) keeping the lungs from collapsing, this is slightly negative

57
Q

what is boyels law

A

at constant temp the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume - low vol=increased press and high vol= decreased press

58
Q

explain then 5 stages of inspiration

A
  1. diaphragm depends and ribs move up + out, 2. vol of thoracic cavity increases, 3. lung are stretched increasing volume, 4. causing pressure in lungs to decrease, 5. air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until pressure is 0
59
Q

explain 5 stages of expiration

A
  1. diaphragm rises and ribs decent due to recoil of intercostal muscles, 2. thoracic cavity vol decreases, 3. elastic lungs recoil and vol decreases, 4. pressure in lungs increases retrospectively, 5. air is forced out down concentration gradient until pressure reaches 0
60
Q

there re 9 functions of the respiratory system how many can you name

A
  1. warm + humidify air - one way via nasal cavity trapping air in mucus
  2. olfaction (smell)- roof of nasal cavity is lined with olfactory mucus
  3. phonation (voice production) - houses vocal chords
  4. filter particular matter - nose lined with mucus and hairs
  5. pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
  6. metabolism of potentially damaging cells - pharynx houses tonsils exposing immune system
  7. endocrine function - testosterone promotes laryngeal enlargement in males
  8. site of immune defence- lymphatic system maintains blood vol for respiratory gas transport
  9. gas exchange - alveoli is the main site f gas exchange
61
Q

is inhalation or expiration a passive process

A

expiration is passive whereas inhalation require energy

heath science (19 decks)

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