biochem

Question 1

name 3 forms of electrolytes

Answer 1

salts, acids and bases

Question 2

name 2 molecules that reduce blood acidity

Answer 2

bicarbonate and ammonia help remove h+ ions

Question 3

describe a catabolic reaction

Answer 3

breakdown complex molecules to similar ones, this would be an exothermic reaction, releasing heat and ATP, for example - cellular respiration

Question 4

describe anabolic reactions

Answer 4

building complex molecules, endothermic reaction that requires energy input for example protein synthesis

Question 5

what does ATP stand for

Answer 5

adenosine triphosphate

Question 6

what is the dissociation reaction of atp

Answer 6

atp = adp + Pi

Question 7

what is the energy source of direct phosphorylation

Answer 7

creatine phosphate (CP)

Question 8

is direct phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 8

anaerobic, no oxygen used

Question 9

what are the products of direct phosphorylation

Answer 9

1 ATP per CP + creatine

Question 10

what is the duration of energy produced in direct phosphorylation

Answer 10

15secs

Question 11

what is ck and what is its purpose

Answer 11

Creatine Kinase, enzyme that catalyses direct phosphorylation

Question 12

what are the 3 ways that glucose can be obtained

Answer 12

1. free glucose - from meals
2. glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscles
3. gluconeogenesis- formation of new glucose from other nutrients in liver

Question 13

is direct phosphorylation catabolic or anabolic

Answer 13

catabolic, produces heat and ATP

Question 14

what are the 3 link process in cellular respiration

Answer 14

glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

Question 15

name the 3 different groups of products from glycolysis

Answer 15

2 pyruvic acid molecules
2 Atp net molecules (4 overall but 2 were used)
2 NADH+H+ molecules

Question 16

define the process of glycolysis

Answer 16

glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules

Question 17

what are the 2 possible pathways after glycolysis

Answer 17

1. if oxygen is restricted the pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid and leads to muscle fatigue.
2. if enough oxygen is present then pyruvic acid enters mitochondria for the Krebs cycle.

Question 18

what must occur to allow pyruvic acid into the mitochondria

Answer 18

the transitional phase, enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase converts each pyruvate acid molecule into acetyl-coenzyme A

Question 18

what must occur to allow pyruvic acid into the mitochondria

Answer 18

the transitional phase, enemy pyruvate dehydrogenase converts each pyruvate acid molecule into acetyl-coenzyme A

Question 19

what are the 3 products of the transitional phase

Answer 19

2 acetyle coenzyme A
2 NADH+H+
2 CO2

Question 20

how many times does the Krebs cycle repeat for 1 molecule of glucose

Answer 20

the cycle is repeated 2 due to 2 pyruvic acid molecules converted to 2 acetyl-coenzyme A molecules that both then enter Krebs cycle

Question 21

what are the products of one rotation of the Krebs cycle

Answer 21

3 NADH+H+
1 FADH2
2 CO2
1 ATP

Question 22

what are overall products of Krebs cycle for 1 glucose molecules

Answer 22

6 NADH+H+
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 ATP

Question 23

which stage follows the Krebs cycle

Answer 23

electron transport chain

Question 24

which 2 molecules are vital for electron transport chain and what do they do

Answer 24

NADH+H+ FADH2 they pass on their H+ ions and high energy electrons that they collected in redox reactions.

Question 25

briefly describe the 4 stages of the electron transport chain

Answer 25

1. NADH+H+ and FADH2 release their hydrogen ions to complex 1 and 2 2. e- are passed from one complex to another. This process causes the complexes to be oxidised and reduced, pumping H+ ions into inter membrane space. This means outside membrane is positive and inside is negative and electrochemical gradient is formed 3. at respiring enzyme IV 2 e- bind with 2H+ and 1/2 O2 molecule to form H2O 4. Complex V is ATP Synthase and this allows H+ in intermmebrane space to flow back into matrix, as passing through ATP synthase the complex spins, causing Pi to join with ADP forming ATP

Question 26

how many molecules of ATP are produced when NADH+H+ and FADH2 are reduced

Answer 26

NADH+H+ = 3 ATP FADH2 = 2 ATP

Question 27

before ETC there are 10 NADH+H+ molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules, how many ATP molecules are produced

Answer 27

NADH+H+ (3 atp) = (10X3)= 30 ATP FADH2 (2atp) = (2X2) = 4 ATP

Question 28

after ETC what are the overall molecules of ATP per 1 glucose

Answer 28

glycolysis (2ATP, 2NADH+H+) = 2 ATP Transition ( 2NADH+H+) = 0 ATP Krebs cycle (2ATP, 6NADH+H+, 2FADH2) = 2 ATP ETC (10NADH+H+(30ATP) , 2FADH2(4ATP))=34 ATP overall = 38 ATP

Question 29

what can triglycerides be broken into

Answer 29

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 30

how do fatty acids and glycerol both produce energy

Answer 30

both can be converted to acetyle-coenzyme A and used in Krebs cycle and then eventually the ETC

Question 31

fatty acids produce many more ATP molecules compared to glucose but what is the downfall

Answer 31

full catabolism of fat requires a much greater volume of oxygen that is very rarely possible

Question 32

what causes production of ketoacidosis

Answer 32

when very high fat use cause acetyl-conenzyme to be converted

Question 33

when does production of ketoacidosis occur (3)

Answer 33

1. low CHO diet 2. Starvation 3. uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

Question 34

what are the effects of ketoacidosis production

Answer 34

Kussmauls respirations - deep + fast ketone breath - smells like pear ketones in urine Eventually coma and death

Question 35

when is catabolism of proteins used

Answer 35

1. when all other methods are exhausted (starvation) 2. used during prolonged exercise (marathon)

Question 36

what two steps are required for catabolism of proteins

Answer 36

1. in the liver the amine group of protein is removed (deamination) and amine group converted to ammonia and then urea 2. remaining part of molecule may be converted to pyruvic acid and acetyl-coenzyme A, that can then be used in Krebs cycle and etc

Question 37

when is the absorptive state

Answer 37

after being fed, following digestion

Question 38

how long roughly is the body in absorptive state

Answer 38

12 hours each day, 4 hrs after each meal

Question 39

what is the key hormone in absorptive state

Answer 39

insulin

Question 40

describe post-absorptive state (fasting state)

Answer 40

nutrients have been absorbed/stored/used in biological processes

Question 41

what stores do the brain rely on

Answer 41

they rely on glucose stores and cannot use fatty acid stores directly

Question 42

what energy stores do RBCs rely on

Answer 42

RBCs have no mitochondria, rely solely on anearobic glycolysis

Question 43

name the process of stored glycogen being broken into free glucose

Answer 43

glycogenolysis

Question 44

name the process of stored triglycerides breakdown into glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 44

lipolysis

Question 45

name the process of amino acids and lactates binding to form glucose

Answer 45

gluconeogenesis

Question 46

what is the main hormone in post absorptive state

Answer 46

glucagon

Question 47

what is the term for low levels of stored glycogen

Answer 47

hypoglycaemia

Question 48

what structure is 50% of fat storage

Answer 48

subcutaneous adipose tissue

Question 49

define term lipogenesis

Answer 49

injected glucose, FAs and AAs are converted to fat

Question 50

which hormone influences lipogenesis

Answer 50

insulin

Question 51

define term lipolysis

Answer 51

stored triglycerides in adipose are broken into glycerol and FAs

Question 52

name 1 role of FAs

Answer 52

used for energy in m most cells (B-oxidation, krebs)

Question 53

name 2 roles of glycerol

Answer 53

1. converted to pyruvic acid/ acetyl-coenzyme A and used for ATP production 2. undergo gluconeogenesis for maintaining blood glucose

Question 54

which organ can produce non-essential Amino acids

Answer 54

liver

Question 55

when Amin acids have be deanimated, the remaining molecule is ketoacid, name the 3 functions for ketoacid

Answer 55

1. may enter Krebs cycle, fully catabolised for energy production 2. converted to glucose 3. converted to fat

Question 56

name 3 roles of insulin

Answer 56

1. promote glucose uptake in cells 2. promote glucose conversion into glycogen 3. inhibit glycogenolysis 4. promote glucose conversion to triglyercides 5. promote protein synthesis 6. lower blood glucose

Question 57

name 3 roles of glucagon

Answer 57

1. promote glucose release from cells 2. promote conversion of glycogen into glucose 3.inhibit glycogenesis 4.promote lipolysis 5. promote protein catabolism 6. increase blood glucose

Question 58

name an anabolic hormone

Answer 58

insulin

Question 59

name a catabolic hormone

Answer 59

glucagon