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biochem Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

name 3 forms of electrolytes

A

salts, acids and bases

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2
Q

name 2 molecules that reduce blood acidity

A

bicarbonate and ammonia help remove h+ ions

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3
Q

describe a catabolic reaction

A

breakdown complex molecules to similar ones, this would be an exothermic reaction, releasing heat and ATP, for example - cellular respiration

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4
Q

describe anabolic reactions

A

building complex molecules, endothermic reaction that requires energy input for example protein synthesis

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5
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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6
Q

what is the dissociation reaction of atp

A

atp = adp + Pi

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7
Q

what is the energy source of direct phosphorylation

A

creatine phosphate (CP)

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8
Q

is direct phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic

A

anaerobic, no oxygen used

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9
Q

what are the products of direct phosphorylation

A

1 ATP per CP + creatine

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10
Q

what is the duration of energy produced in direct phosphorylation

A

15secs

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11
Q

what is ck and what is its purpose

A

Creatine Kinase, enzyme that catalyses direct phosphorylation

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12
Q

what are the 3 ways that glucose can be obtained

A
  1. free glucose - from meals
  2. glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscles
  3. gluconeogenesis- formation of new glucose from other nutrients in liver
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13
Q

is direct phosphorylation catabolic or anabolic

A

catabolic, produces heat and ATP

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14
Q

what are the 3 link process in cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

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15
Q

name the 3 different groups of products from glycolysis

A

2 pyruvic acid molecules
2 Atp net molecules (4 overall but 2 were used)
2 NADH+H+ molecules

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16
Q

define the process of glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acid molecules

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17
Q

what are the 2 possible pathways after glycolysis

A
  1. if oxygen is restricted the pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid and leads to muscle fatigue.
  2. if enough oxygen is present then pyruvic acid enters mitochondria for the Krebs cycle.
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18
Q

what must occur to allow pyruvic acid into the mitochondria

A

the transitional phase, enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase converts each pyruvate acid molecule into acetyl-coenzyme A

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18
Q

what must occur to allow pyruvic acid into the mitochondria

A

the transitional phase, enemy pyruvate dehydrogenase converts each pyruvate acid molecule into acetyl-coenzyme A

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19
Q

what are the 3 products of the transitional phase

A

2 acetyle coenzyme A
2 NADH+H+
2 CO2

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20
Q

how many times does the Krebs cycle repeat for 1 molecule of glucose

A

the cycle is repeated 2 due to 2 pyruvic acid molecules converted to 2 acetyl-coenzyme A molecules that both then enter Krebs cycle

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21
Q

what are the products of one rotation of the Krebs cycle

A

3 NADH+H+
1 FADH2
2 CO2
1 ATP

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22
Q

what are overall products of Krebs cycle for 1 glucose molecules

A

6 NADH+H+
2 FADH2
4 CO2
2 ATP

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23
Q

which stage follows the Krebs cycle

A

electron transport chain

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24
Q

which 2 molecules are vital for electron transport chain and what do they do

A

NADH+H+
FADH2
they pass on their H+ ions and high energy electrons that they collected in redox reactions.

25
Q

briefly describe the 4 stages of the electron transport chain

A
  1. NADH+H+ and FADH2 release their hydrogen ions to complex 1 and 2
  2. e- are passed from one complex to another. This process causes the complexes to be oxidised and reduced, pumping H+ ions into inter membrane space. This means outside membrane is positive and inside is negative and electrochemical gradient is formed
  3. at respiring enzyme IV 2 e- bind with 2H+ and 1/2 O2 molecule to form H2O
  4. Complex V is ATP Synthase and this allows H+ in intermmebrane space to flow back into matrix, as passing through ATP synthase the complex spins, causing Pi to join with ADP forming ATP
26
Q

how many molecules of ATP are produced when NADH+H+ and FADH2 are reduced

A

NADH+H+ = 3 ATP
FADH2 = 2 ATP

27
Q

before ETC there are 10 NADH+H+ molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules, how many ATP molecules are produced

A

NADH+H+ (3 atp) = (10X3)= 30 ATP
FADH2 (2atp) = (2X2) = 4 ATP

28
Q

after ETC what are the overall molecules of ATP per 1 glucose

A

glycolysis (2ATP, 2NADH+H+) = 2 ATP
Transition ( 2NADH+H+) = 0 ATP
Krebs cycle (2ATP, 6NADH+H+, 2FADH2) = 2 ATP
ETC (10NADH+H+(30ATP) , 2FADH2(4ATP))=34 ATP
overall = 38 ATP

29
Q

what can triglycerides be broken into

A

glycerol and fatty acids

30
Q

how do fatty acids and glycerol both produce energy

A

both can be converted to acetyle-coenzyme A and used in Krebs cycle and then eventually the ETC

31
Q

fatty acids produce many more ATP molecules compared to glucose but what is the downfall

A

full catabolism of fat requires a much greater volume of oxygen that is very rarely possible

32
Q

what causes production of ketoacidosis

A

when very high fat use cause acetyl-conenzyme to be converted

33
Q

when does production of ketoacidosis occur (3)

A
  1. low CHO diet
  2. Starvation
  3. uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
34
Q

what are the effects of ketoacidosis production

A

Kussmauls respirations - deep + fast
ketone breath - smells like pear
ketones in urine
Eventually coma and death

35
Q

when is catabolism of proteins used

A
  1. when all other methods are exhausted (starvation)
  2. used during prolonged exercise (marathon)
36
Q

what two steps are required for catabolism of proteins

A
  1. in the liver the amine group of protein is removed (deamination) and amine group converted to ammonia and then urea
  2. remaining part of molecule may be converted to pyruvic acid and acetyl-coenzyme A, that can then be used in Krebs cycle and etc
37
Q

when is the absorptive state

A

after being fed, following digestion

38
Q

how long roughly is the body in absorptive state

A

12 hours each day, 4 hrs after each meal

39
Q

what is the key hormone in absorptive state

A

insulin

40
Q

describe post-absorptive state (fasting state)

A

nutrients have been absorbed/stored/used in biological processes

41
Q

what stores do the brain rely on

A

they rely on glucose stores and cannot use fatty acid stores directly

42
Q

what energy stores do RBCs rely on

A

RBCs have no mitochondria, rely solely on anearobic glycolysis

43
Q

name the process of stored glycogen being broken into free glucose

A

glycogenolysis

44
Q

name the process of stored triglycerides breakdown into glycerol and fatty acids

A

lipolysis

45
Q

name the process of amino acids and lactates binding to form glucose

A

gluconeogenesis

46
Q

what is the main hormone in post absorptive state

A

glucagon

47
Q

what is the term for low levels of stored glycogen

A

hypoglycaemia

48
Q

what structure is 50% of fat storage

A

subcutaneous adipose tissue

49
Q

define term lipogenesis

A

injected glucose, FAs and AAs are converted to fat

50
Q

which hormone influences lipogenesis

A

insulin

51
Q

define term lipolysis

A

stored triglycerides in adipose are broken into glycerol and FAs

52
Q

name 1 role of FAs

A

used for energy in m most cells (B-oxidation, krebs)

53
Q

name 2 roles of glycerol

A
  1. converted to pyruvic acid/ acetyl-coenzyme A and used for ATP production
  2. undergo gluconeogenesis for maintaining blood glucose
54
Q

which organ can produce non-essential Amino acids

A

liver

55
Q

when Amin acids have be deanimated, the remaining molecule is ketoacid, name the 3 functions for ketoacid

A
  1. may enter Krebs cycle, fully catabolised for energy production
  2. converted to glucose
  3. converted to fat
56
Q

name 3 roles of insulin

A
  1. promote glucose uptake in cells
  2. promote glucose conversion into glycogen
  3. inhibit glycogenolysis
  4. promote glucose conversion to triglyercides
  5. promote protein synthesis
  6. lower blood glucose
57
Q

name 3 roles of glucagon

A
  1. promote glucose release from cells
  2. promote conversion of glycogen into glucose
    3.inhibit glycogenesis
    4.promote lipolysis
  3. promote protein catabolism
  4. increase blood glucose
58
Q

name an anabolic hormone

A

insulin

59
Q

name a catabolic hormone

A

glucagon

heath science (19 decks)

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