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digestive Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define digestion

A

breakdown of food to useful form that can be absorbed and used by cells

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2
Q

what are the 2 different methods of breakdown

A

physical and chemical

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3
Q

name 2 physical breakdown methods

A

mastication and chumming

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4
Q

name 3 chemical breakdown methods

A

acids, surfactants and enzymes

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5
Q

name the two ways that useful forms of break down can be used

A

cellular respiration for production of energy (catabolic) and repair and building (anabolic)

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6
Q

name the 5 stages of digestion

A

ingestion, propulsion, digestion(physical and chemical), absorption and defecation

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7
Q

what does GI stand for

A

Gastrointestinal

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8
Q

how many layers does the GI wall consist off and name them

A
  1. serosa, 2. musculans, 3. submucosa, 4. mucosa
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9
Q

name 2 function for the serosa

A

to prevent spread of infection and anchor the GI tract

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10
Q

name 3 structural components of submucosa

A

made of loose connective tissue, contains blood vessels, nerve, lympvessels, lymphoid tissue

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11
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle does the Muscular layer contain

A

2 layers, circular and longitudinal

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12
Q

what is the function of the muscular layer

A

peristalsis (wave like muscle contractions moving food through tract) and mixing

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13
Q

what are the 3 functions of the mucosa membrane

A

protects, secretes and absorbed

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14
Q

what is the role of the oesophagus

A

to convey food from oropharynx to the stomach

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15
Q

name 3 areas where peristalsis occurs

A

oesophagus, stomach and GI tract

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16
Q

how does peristalsis in oesophagus occur

A

initiation is voluntary and then further peristalsis is associated with reflex control of smooth muscle

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17
Q

what is the structural formation of oesophagus

A

thick protective stratified squamous epithelial, upper 1/3 skeletal muscle(voluntary) and lower 2/3 smooth muscle (peristalsis)

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18
Q

what is the outer layer of the stomach called

A

fundus

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19
Q

how long roughly is food stored in the stomach

A

2 hrs

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20
Q

name 3 components that may be secreted into the stomach

A

HCl, pepsin and mucous

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21
Q

name the 5 different cell types found in the stomach lining

A
  1. surface mucous cells, 2.mucous neck cells, 3.parietal cells, 4.cheif cells, 5.G-cells
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22
Q

name the structure and function of mucous neck cells

A

simple columnar, secrete acidic mucous

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23
Q

parietal cells function

A

secret HCl and intrinsic factor

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24
Q

function of chief cells

A

secrete pepsin and lipase

25
Q

function of G-cells

A

secrete gastrin

26
Q

name the organ that connects the stomach and small intestine

A

Duodenum

27
Q

name 2 structural features of the small intestine that increase the surface area

A

mucosa folds and villi+microvilli

28
Q

name 5 cells found in small intestine and their roles

A
  1. absorptive cells (for absorption)
  2. goblet cells (secret mucous to prevent infection)
  3. entero-endocrine cells (secrete cholecystokinin)
  4. paneth cells (defensive lyssozyme)
  5. secretory cells ( intestinal juice)
29
Q

name the 3 structural components of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

30
Q

name the role of duodenum

A

secret alkaline mucous to neutralise chyme(stomach acid) and protect mucosa

31
Q

name the role of the jejunum

A

main absorptive region with the longest villi, pH neutral to alkaline

32
Q

what tissue is found in the ileum

A

large domes of lymphoid tissue

33
Q

what are the 2 functions of the colon

A

absorption of water and elimination of faeces

34
Q

name 4 structural features of the colon

A

thick mucosa ( simple columnar epithelium)
many crypts- goblet cells / absorptive cells etc.
no circular folds
no villi

35
Q

roughly how many types of bacterial flora are found within the colon

A

10 million

36
Q

name the 4 structural features of the rectum

A
  1. anal cavity, 2. anal sinus, 3. internal anal sphincter, 4.external anal sphincter
37
Q

name structure of anal cavity

A

stratified squamous epithelium

38
Q

name function of anal sinus

A

release mucous when compressed

39
Q

are internal and external analk sphincters voluntary or involuntary

A

internal= involuntary
external= voluntary

40
Q

describe the 3 stages of external anal sphincter contraction

A
  1. impulse from cerebral cortex (conscious control)
    2.travels down motor nerve to external anal sphincter
  2. external anal sphincter begins to contract
41
Q

where and how does absorption take place in digestive system

A

absorption into blood and lymph vessels in the small and large intestine

42
Q

what are the 7 functions of the liver

A

detoxification of metabolic waste,
destruction of spent RBCs,
secretion of bile,
synthesis of plasma proteins,
processing and storage of nutrients absorbed from gut tube,
storage of fat-soluble vitamins,
storage of glucose ( glycogen)

43
Q

what is the function of the liver lobule

A

filtration

44
Q

describe structure of liver lobule

A

group of hepatocytes separated by connective tissue with portal tracts

45
Q

what is a portal triad

A

they are found at the corners of lobules and contain:
portal vein(blood via gut for filtering)
artery(supplying nutrients and oxygen to liver)
lymph ducts(collecting lymphatic fluid)
bile ducts(collecting bile created in liver)

46
Q

describe the process that occurs in lobules

A
  1. blood flows through hepatic vein to be filtered
    2.blood flows through series of sinusoids (very leaky)
    3.plaasma filters out sinusoids into intastitual space ( hepatisite cells- produce bile)
  2. blood ends up in central vein and joins rest of circulatory system
47
Q

what is the space of diss

A

the space between hepatic sinusoid( space filled with blood) and hepatocytes

48
Q

name 4 cells that surround the space of diss

A

hepatocytes, stellate cells, kupffer cells and endothelial cells

49
Q

what are 2 function of the kupffer cells

A

act as macrophages, phagocytise RBCs and bacteria, extract the iron from haemoglobin to recycle and produce bile Ruben (component in bile)

50
Q

what are the 3 roles of hepatocytes

A

aborbes nutrients, absorbed waste metabolites, produce glycogen, convert amino acids to albumin, convert ammonia to area

51
Q

what do hepatocytes contain to increase surface area for absorption

A

villi and microvilli on surface

52
Q

what is the role of quiescent stellate cells

A

they hang around and take up fatty-acids while sitting in the space of diss

53
Q

what occurs when stellate cells become damaged through excess alcohol

A

they become fibre-blasts and lay down fibres within the space of diss leading to liver fibrosis (liver failure)

54
Q

what is the role of the epithelial cells surrounding the space of diss

A

they contain pores between them to allow percolation on fluid

55
Q

what is structure and function of the gall bladder

A

muscular sac with tall columnar epithelial cell lining and villi/micro villi helping waft bile, lymph and blood vessels in submucosa to transport water away as bile becomes more concentrated.
function is to store and concentrates bile n

56
Q

what is the function of bile slats

A

to emulsify fats

57
Q

name 6 components of bile

A

bile salts, bile pigments ( chiefly bilirubin), cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids (lecithin) , electrolytes

58
Q

what are he 3 functions of the pancreas

A

secret digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, nuclease) neutralises acid chyme from stomach, release insulin/glucagon

59
Q

true or false salivary glands are accessory organs

A

true

heath science (19 decks)

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