basics Flashcards
what are the 4 main tissue types?
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
3 functions of epithelial tissue?
secretion, absorption, protection, lubrication, filtration
what are the 2 types of epithelial tissue?
smooth and stratified
what are the further three categories of cell that make up smooth epithelial
squamous, cuboidal and columnar
3 functions of squamous epithelial
filtration, secretion and lubrication
2 functions of cuboidal epithelial
secretion and absorption
3 functions of columnar epithelial
absorption, secretion and propelling
where would you find squamous epithelial
alveoli and heart
where would you find cuboidal epithelial
kidney and ovaries
where would you find columnar epithelial
digestive tract
what are the 4 many connective tissues
connective tissue proper, blood, bone and cartilage
what are the 4 further subcategories for connective tissue proper
areolar tissue, dense regular, dense irregular and adipose tissue
what 3 things are found in the structure of areolar tissue
collagen, elastic fibres, fibroblasts and ground substance
where 3 things are found in the structure of dense regular connective tissue
wavy fibres, regularly aligned collagen, little bit of elastin and little bit of ground substance.
what 2 things are found in the structure of dense irregular connective tissue
fibres in all directions, little bit of ground substance (VERY STRONG)
3 thing found in the structure of adipose connective tissue
few structural fibres, adipocytes(90%), accumulating lipids, not much ground substance.
list all 7 features making bone a connective tissue
lacunae, osteocytes, periosteum, lamella, osteons, Haversian Cannals and ground substance
which 3 features allows blood to be classified as a connective tissue
plasma, RBC/WBC, soluble fibres ( fibrinogen- form fibrin for clotting)
what are the 3 main types of cartilage
elastic, fibro and hyaline
3 main functions and structure of fibre-cartilage
shock absorber, heavy duty and made up of thick and heavy collagen fibres
where would you find fibro-cartilage
intervertebral discs and pubic synthesis ( front of pelvis)
Elastic cartilage has a yellow tinge due to?
it being rich in elastic fibres
where would you find elastic cartilage
ears and epiglottis
hyaline cartilage has a smooth surface due to it being found primarily in what?
joints
where else can you find hyaline cartilage and what is the surface texture
can be found in nose and ribcage, here it has a much rougher surface due to covering of perichondrium
3 main muscle tissue groups
cardiac, skeletal and smooth
structure and function of cardiac muscle
striated, single nucleus, involuntary, branches(intercalated discs), contraction- propelling blood into circulation
structure and function of skeletal muscle
long, cylindrical, striated, multinuclei, voluntary, usually attached to bone- allowing movement of the body
structure and function of smooth muscle
spindle shaped, single central nuclei, involuntary, non-striated, cells in close proximity to form sheets, propel substances- in slow and rhythmic process
overall 5 functions of muscle tissue
heat production, movement, posture, regulate organ vol., moving substances
overall 3 main functions of connective tissue
support, bind and protect
overall 4 main structural features of cartilage
tough, flexible, rigid, contains no blood vessels or nerves
overall 3 main places to find epithelial tissue
cover, lining and glands
3 main structural components of the phospholipid bilayer
phospholipids, ion channels and cholesterol
function of the nucleus
contains DNA
function of the nucleolus
produce ribosomes
function of ribosome
manufactures proteins
function of rough ER
studded with mature ribosomes (protein factory)
Function of smooth ER
lipid synthesis and detoxification
function of golgi apparatus
process and package proteins
function of mitochondria
energy production
function of lysosome
destruction of debris and waste
function of cytoskeleton
structural support and internal organisation
define diffusion
process of molecules travelling from a high concentration to a low concentration via a semi-permeable membrane down the concentration gradient
define osmosis
movement of water molecules (usually) travelling from a solution with a high number of water molecules to a solution with a lower number of water molecules via a semi-permeable membrane, down the concentration gradient.
define facilitated diffusion
the movement of molecules from. high concentration to a low concentration via a plasma membrane with the assistance of ion channels and carriers, down the concentration gradient, requiring no energy
define active transport
the active movement of cells from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration via a plasma membrane with the aid of carrier proteins, against the concentration gradient, requiring ENERGY
what are the 2 types of cytosis
endocytosis- move into cell and exocytosis- move out of cell
what is cytosis
the movement of lumps of cells - with the use of energy
what is homeostasis
the boys ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment
name a positive feedback loops for homeostasis
lactation- when suckling more milk is produced, take it further away from normal level (no milk)
name a negative feedback loop in homeostasis
blood glucose- too high glucose stored as glycogen (insulin) , too low glycogen converted to glucose (glucagon)
name the 2 respiration pathways
aerobic, anaerobic
two phases of protein production and explain sequence
transcription- uses single stand of DNA as a template to build a molecule of MRNA and translation- MRNA then used and TRNA brings proteins to build second strand of DNA
