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reproductive Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the name of the female sex cells

A

ova

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2
Q

what is the name of the male sex cell

A

spermatozoa

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3
Q

female genetic code

A

XX

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4
Q

male genetic code

A

XY

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5
Q

name the 3 organs in the male reproductive system

A

testes, scrotum, penis

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6
Q

name the 4 duct systems in male reproductive system

A

epididymus, vas deferens, ejaculating duct, urethra

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7
Q

name 3 accessory glands in males

A

seminal vesicles, prostate glands, bulbourethral gland

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8
Q

what are the 3 functions of male reproductive system

A

formation of sperm, produce hormones, transmission of sperm into female

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9
Q

how much term is produced in seminiferous tubules each day

A

30ml

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10
Q

where is sperm stored and how long is maturation

A

stored in epididymus for 20 days

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11
Q

what is the scrotum

A

sack of skin holding testes, external to body

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12
Q

what is the purpose of scrotum

A

help maintain constant temp, drawing testse closer to body if cold

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13
Q

role of penis

A

designed to deliver sperm into female reproductive system

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14
Q

structure of penis

A

root ( internal and shaft (external) and tip (glans), urethra runs down centre and forskin covers glans

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15
Q

how long is the epididymus

A

4cm long

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16
Q

what is the structure of epididymus

A

long coiled tube where sperm maturates

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17
Q

if sperm isn’t used in months what is the result

A

phagocytise by epithelial cells

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18
Q

what muscles are used during ejaculation

A

smooth muscle wall contacts in epididymus, ejaculatory duct, urethra

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19
Q

what is the ampulla of vas deferens

A

swollen area of tube

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20
Q

what does the ampulla join together

A

it joins vas deferens and ejaculatory duct

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21
Q

what does urethra carry

A

urine and semen

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22
Q

what else is also secreted into lumen before ejaculation

A

mucous

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23
Q

what do the 3 accessory gland do

A

produce most vol. of semen

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24
Q

where do you find seminal vesicle

A

lies behind bladder

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25
Q

what is the seminal vesicle described as

A

little finger ( 5-7cm long)

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26
Q

secretion of vesicles account for what percentage of semen volume

A

70%

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27
Q

description of seminal fluid

A

yellowish, viscous fluid

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28
Q

name 3 of the 7 roles of seminal fluid

A
  1. transport medium, 2. nutrition for sperm, 3. enhance motility, 4. causes semen coagulates, 5. decrease viscosity of cervical fluid, 6. neutralises acidic conditions in vagina, 7. induce contractions in Fallopian tubes
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29
Q

describe structure of prostate

A

doughnut shaped, size of chestnut

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30
Q

where is prostate located

A

below bladder

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31
Q

describe prostate secretions

A

milky, slightly acidiccontaing citrate (nutrition) and enzymes (fibrinolysis)

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32
Q

what % does prostate secretion make up of semen

A

30%

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33
Q

what is another name for the bulbourethral gland

A

cowpers gland

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34
Q

where do you find cowpers gland

A

located below prostate

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35
Q

how many cowpers glands are there

A

the are 2 (pea sized)

36
Q

what is the function of the cowpers gland

A

secrets think clear mucous into urethra that neutralises acidic urine left in urethra before ejaculation

37
Q

how much semen is propelled out and how many sperm would this contain

A

2-5ml ejaculated but contains 50-130 sperm per ml

38
Q

how long does sperm live once inside vagina

A

survives fr 48 hours if reached Fallopian tubes and then is degenerated

39
Q

what are the 4 functions of female reproductive system

A

formation of eggs,
reception of sperm,
provide suitable environment for fertilisation and foetal development,
lactation and parturition

40
Q

list the 5 structures of internal female reproductive system

A

ovaries, Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina

41
Q

what 2 things do the ovaries produce

A

female sex hormones and ova (eggs)

42
Q

what do the ovaries contain

A

many ovarian follicles at different stages of maturation

43
Q

which 2 hormones stimulate follicle maturation

A

FSH and oestrogen

44
Q

how many follicles mature and release in 1 month

A

1 follicle is matured and released.

45
Q

what is another name of Fallopian tubes

A

oviducts

46
Q

how long is each Fallopian tube

A

10cm

47
Q

what is fimbriae

A

ciliated finger-like projections at ovarian end, the Cilla beat gentle guiding egg towards uterus

48
Q

how many days does it take for egg to reach uterus and where is it fertilised

A

takes 5 days and fertilised in ampulla

49
Q

what causes greater risk for ectopic pregnancy

A

blockage in tube preventing egg reaching uterus

50
Q

where is the uterus found

A

in pelvic cavity

51
Q

what are the 3 layers of wall of uterus

A
  1. perimetrium- outer
  2. myometrium-middle( circular, longitudinal, oblique muscle fibres)
  3. endometrium- inner
52
Q

what is a zygote

A

when and egg and sperm have fertilised

53
Q

what are the stages of 1-5 in menstrual cycle (menstrual)

A

50-150ml blood lost
endometrium shed to basal layer

54
Q

what are stages of 4-13 in menstrual cycle (proliferation)

A

growth of endometrium
spiral artenes
tubular glands
vascular mucosa
receptor cells primed

55
Q

what is the significance of day 14 in menstrual cycle

A

ovulation

56
Q

stages of day 15-28 of menstrual cycle (secretory)

A

spiral arteries tortuous
receptor cells secrete glycogen
if no zygote- degenerative phase begins, auto digestive/blood supply cut

57
Q

what are the 2 phases of ovarian cycle

A
  1. follicular phase
  2. luteal phase
58
Q

what is the time phrase of follicular phase

A

from day 1 - day 14 (ovulation)

59
Q

what is the time phrase of luteal phase

A

from day 14- day before menstruation(28)

60
Q

what does fsh stand for

A

follicle stimulating hormone

61
Q

what does lh stand for

A

luteinising hormone

62
Q

what is the uterine cycle

A

changes in endometrium (uterus lining)

63
Q

what are the 3 phases of uterine cycle

A
  1. menstruation
  2. proliferative
  3. secretory
64
Q

who long does menstrual phase of uterine cycle last

A

day 1-day 5

65
Q

what is the time Frame of the proliferative phase

A

day 6- day 14

66
Q

what happens in proliferative phase

A

blood vessels and glands regenerate due to increased amounts oestrogen

67
Q

what days are the secretory phase from in uterine cycle

A

day 15-28

68
Q

what happens in secretory phase if no fertilisation

A

progesterone levels decrease and lack of blood cause endometrium to begin to degenerate and menstrual phase begin

69
Q

3 roles of FSH

A

stimulate GnRH,
primarily stimulate maturation of ovarian follicle ,
secondarily stimulate production of oestrogen

70
Q

name 2 hormones produced by anterior pituotary gland

A

fsh and lh

71
Q

3 roles of lh

A

stimulate GnRH ,
primarily stimulate maturation of follicles and ovulation and secondarily stimulate production of oestrogen and progesterone

72
Q

name 3 sources of oestrogen

A

developing follicles, corpus luteum, placenta ( after 6 weeks)

73
Q

name 2 stimuli of oestrogen

A

FSH and LH

74
Q

give 2 primary responses of oestrogen (4)

A

growth and maturation of reproductive organs+breasts, promote proliferative phase of uterine cycle,
stimulate capcitaion of sperm, stimulate growth of uterus and mammatory glands in pregnancy

75
Q

name 2 sources of progesterone

A

corpus lutuem and placenta (after 6 weeks pregnant)

76
Q

name the stimulus of Progesterone

A

LH

77
Q

name 4 primary responses of progesterone

A

facilitates growth of breasts
promotes secretory phase in uterine cycle
enhances ability of mammatory glands to produce milk
increase body temp

78
Q

what does HCG stand for

A

Human chronic gandotrophin

79
Q

what is the role of HCG

A

maintain corpus luteum and corpus luteum atrophy

80
Q

3 roles of oestrogen

A

myometrium hypertrophy, external genetalia enlargement and softening of pelvic ligaments

81
Q

3 roles of progesterone

A

proliferation of endometrium,
inhibition of uterine contractions
development of alveoli in mammory glands

82
Q

2 roles of prolactin

A

inhibits FSH and oestrogen release
and milk production when oestrogen levels fall

83
Q

1 role of relaxin

A

increase flexibility of tissues

84
Q

1 role of oxytocin

A

uterine contractions during labour

85
Q

5 stages of fertilisation-birth

A
  1. zygote (fusion of gametes to 8 cells) 2. morula (clump of cells undergoing mitosis) 3. blastocyte (day4-day20 inner cell mass to bilaminar disc) 4. embryo (day21-day56 form sumites) 4. fetus (week 9- birth)
86
Q

how is uterus nourished

A

by uterine secretions until placenta is formed

87
Q

why does placenta secrete progesterone

A

to inhibit uterine contractions until levels of oestrogen and oxytocin rise at 40 weeks and contractions begin

heath science (19 decks)

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