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PHGY-210 > Respiration - Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Respiration - Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What can the respiratory system be regarded as?

A

a pump with elastic, flow-resistive and inertial properties

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2
Q

What happens to the FRC and Ppl of the lungs at rest?

A

they are negative due to the opposite forces acting on the lungs and chest wall

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3
Q

What happens to the diaphragm and chest wall during inspiration?

A

the diaphragm contracts and the chest wall is pulled open

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4
Q

What happens to the Ppl during inspiration?

A

it becomes more negative

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5
Q

What is the formula for flow of breath?

A

F = (Palv - Patm)/Resistance

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6
Q

The resting position of the lungs is below…

A

RV

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7
Q

As the lungs are pulled further away from their resting position, what happens to Ppl?

A

it becomes even more sub atmospheric

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8
Q

As the volume of the lungs is ____, gas in the lungs is ____, Palv drops _____ atmospheric pressure.

A

increased, decompressed, below

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9
Q

What generates air flow to the lungs during inspiration?

A

the created negative pressure gradient between the alveoli and atmosphere

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10
Q

What happens to the pressure gradient and the air flow as inspiration proceeds?

A

they gradually decrease

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11
Q

Why does air flow stop at the end of inspiration?

A

because Palv is equal to Patm (no pressure gradient)

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12
Q

During expiration, the diaphragm _____, elastic recoil of the respiratory system ____ the gas in the lungs, and Palv ____.

A

relaxes, compresses, increases

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13
Q

What happens to the positive pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the lungs during expiration?

A

it causes air from the lungs to be pushed out to the atmosphere

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14
Q

What happens to Ppl as lung volume decreases during expiration?

A

it slowly returns to its resting level

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15
Q

What is the air flow, Palv and Ppl at the end of expiration?

A

air flow = 0, Palv = 0, Ppl = -5

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16
Q

What does the time course of changes in pleural pressure during inspiration and expiration depend on?

A

contraction of the diaphragm and airway resistance

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17
Q

What must occur in order to have gas flow through the airways?

A

the pressure at the airway opening must be different from that in the alveoli

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18
Q

What is the formula for the resistance of the airways to gas flow?

A

Raw = (Palv-Pao)/Flow

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19
Q

A ___ diameter airway can carry a ___ flow for a given pressure difference.

A

large, large

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20
Q

What is airway resistance related to?

A

airway caliber

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21
Q

What happens to airway resistance during asthma?

A

it is high making breathing difficult

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22
Q

When a subject inspires to TLC and exhales to RV, during expiration, flow ___ very rapidly to a ___ value and then ___ over the rest of expiration.

A

rises, high, declines

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23
Q

Why is the descending portion of the flow-volume curve independent of effort?

A

because of the compression of the airways by intrathoracic pressure

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24
Q

What are the values of airway pressure and intrapleural pressure before inspiration?

A

airway pressure: 0
intra pleural pressure: -5

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25
Q

What happens to the airway pressure and intrapleural pressure during inspiration?

A

airway pressure and intrapleural pressures fall

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26
Q

What are the values of airway pressure and airway transmural pressure at the end of inspiration?

A

airway pressure: 0
airway transmural pressure: 8

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27
Q

What happens to the alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure during forced expiration?

A

they increase

28
Q

Why is there a positive pressure tending to close the airways during forced expiration?

A

because of the pressure drop along the airways as flow beings

29
Q

Why does the positive pressure decrease when moving out of the lungs during forced expiration?

A

because the air is going down over airway resistance (friction)

30
Q

What kind of recoil is found in restrictive diseases like pulmonary fibrosis?

A

more recoil (stiff)

31
Q

What happens to the maximum flow rate and maximum volume exhaled in restrictive diseases?

A

they are reduced

32
Q

What happens to the flow rate in obstructive diseases?

A

it is very low

33
Q

What kind of recoil is found in obstructive diseases like emphysema?

A

no recoil

34
Q

What are the 7 steps of events during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
↓
Thoracic cage expands
↓
Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative (subatmospheric)
↓
Transpulmonary pressure increases
↓
Lungs expands
↓
Alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric
↓
Air flows into alveoli

35
Q

What are the 8 steps of events during expiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles stop contracting
↓
Chest wall moves inwards
↓
Intrapleural pressure goes back towards preinspiratory value
↓
Transpulmonary pressure goes back towards preinspiratory value
↓
Lung recoils towards preinspiratory volume
↓
Air in lungs is compressed
↓
Alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure
↓
Air flows out of the lungs

36
Q

What increases proportionally when exercise starts?

A

tidal volume and breathing frequency

37
Q

What happens to tidal volume?

A

it plateaus

38
Q

What happens to ventilatory rates during hard exercise?

A

they become high due to incremental increases in frequency

39
Q

Because of the increased breathing frequency, inspiratory and expiratory times ___ during progressive exercise but expiratory times ___ relatively more than inspiratory time.

A

decrease, fall

40
Q

Which flow rate increases more?

A

peak expiratory flow rate

41
Q

In both untrained and trained subjects, what increases linearly with metabolic rate?

A

minute ventilation

42
Q

How much does minute ventilation increase in both trained and untrained subjects?

A

50 to 60% of VO2 max

43
Q

Minute ventilation ___ at a rate disproportionately ___ than the change in VO2.

A

increases, greater

44
Q

An effect of endurance training is to ___ the ventilatory inflection point.

A

delay

45
Q

How much can resting values of minute ventilation increase during exercise in a fit individual?

A

35 folds

46
Q

How much can resting values of cardiac output increase during exercise in a fit individual?

A

5-6 folds

47
Q

Which increases more during exercise; minute ventilation or perfusion?

A

minute ventilation

48
Q

What is one of the reasons why ventilation is not believed to limit aerobic performance?

A

because there in an increase in Ve/Q

49
Q

What are the values of minute ventilation and perfusion in less fit individuals?

A

less than fit ones but the ratio will increase to a similar extent

50
Q

What is the alveolar surface area?

A

50 m^2

51
Q

What is the average blood volume?

A

5 L

52
Q

What percentage of blood volume is in the pulmonary system at any one time during maximal exercise?

A

4%

53
Q

What kind of response is there in the medullary ECF during exercise?

A

an alkaloid (increases pH) response

54
Q

What decreases the ventilatory response during exercise?

A

an increase in pH

55
Q

What receptors are mainly sensitive to changes in PO2, but are stimulated by increased PCO2 and decreased pH?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors

56
Q

What remains constant during exercise?

A

PaO2

57
Q

What decreases during exercise?

A

PaCO2 and arterial pH

58
Q

What increases the sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreceptors to CO2 and H+ during exercise?

A

the fluctuations in PaO2

59
Q

What do the peripheral mechanoreceptors do to minute ventilation during exercise?

A

it increases it slightly

60
Q

What is asthma?

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the airways

61
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

airway obstruction, enhances airway responsiveness to contractile agonists and/or allergens

62
Q

What is emphysema?

A

the enlargement of the air spaces due to the destruction of the walls of the alveoli

63
Q

What happens to airways in people with emphysema?

A

they collapse because of the loss of radial traction

64
Q

What happens to the lungs during emphysema?

A

they self-destruct, attacked by proteolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes in response to factors

65
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

progressive distortion of the alveolar architecture with inflammation and accumulation of fibrotic tissue

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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