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PHGY-210 > Cardiovascular System - Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors monitor?

A

pressures of oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels in the arterial blood

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2
Q

What are the 2 chemoreceptors located close to baroreceptors?

A

carotid body and aortic body

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3
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors act on?

A

breathing

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4
Q

What 2 things do peripheral chemoreceptors increase?

A
  1. respiratory frequency
  2. tidal volume
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5
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do to HR? Why?

A

increase HR to eliminate CO2 and increase oxygenation faster

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6
Q

What system controls blood volume?

A

renal

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7
Q

What are the 2 systems used by the renal system to control blood volume?

A
  1. urinary loss, water retention via pressure diuresis
  2. renin angiotensin aldosterone system
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8
Q

What happens when blood volume decreases (5)?

A
  1. dec venous pressure
  2. dec venous return
  3. dec end-diastolic volume
  4. dec stroke volume
  5. dec cardiac output
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9
Q

What happens when arterial pressure increases during pressure diuresis?

A
  1. inc urinary loss of sodium and water
  2. dec plasma volume 60% BV
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10
Q

What expels H2O and waste?

A

nephrons

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11
Q

What kind of system is pressure diuresis?

A

negative

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12
Q

What kind of drug is used to control BP?

A

diuretics

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13
Q

How does the RAA system sense pressure?

A

kidneys and brain

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14
Q

How does the RAA system sense pressure by the kidneys?

A

via changes in filtration rates which are sensed as changes in excreted sodium, signalling specialized cells to release renin

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15
Q

How does the RAA system sense pressure change by the brain?

A

via baroreceptors, resulting in ADH release from neurons in the hypothalamus

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16
Q

What is renin?

A

an enzyme released by the kidneys

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17
Q

What happens to renin when MAP decreases?

A

it increases

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18
Q

Why do specialized cells sense a drop in BP using renin?

A

because of low Na+

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19
Q

What does renin convert when it is increased?

A

angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

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20
Q

Where is angiotensinogen made?

A

in the liver

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21
Q

What converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

A

ACE

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22
Q

Where is ACE found?

A

in the lungs

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23
Q

What produces ACE?

A

pulmonary endothelium

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24
Q

What is angiotensin II?

A

vasoconstrictor

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25
Q

What does angiotensin II increase? (2)

A

TPR and MAP

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26
Q

What happens to renin when MAP is low?

A

it increases

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27
Q

What happens to renin when MAP is high?

A

it decreases

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28
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

antidiuretic hormone

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29
Q

Where is vasopressin synthesized?

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

What releases vasopressin?

A

pituitary gland

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31
Q

What triggers the release of vassopressin?

A

low output from arterial baroreceptors

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32
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of vasopressin?

A

vasoconstriction and antidiuretic

33
Q

What kind of system is the vasopressin system?

A

negative feedback

34
Q

When angiotensin II binds receptors in adrenal gland, what hormone is released?

A

aldosterone

35
Q

What does aldosterone bind to?

A

receptors in the kidney

36
Q

What retention does aldosterone cause?

A

Na and H20

37
Q

What kind of system is the RAA system 3?

A

negative feedback

38
Q

Low MAP -> aldosterone ___ -> ___ MAP

A

increases, increased

39
Q

High MAP -> aldosterone ___ -> ___ MAP

A

decreases, decreased

40
Q

What are the 4 main classes of hypertension drugs?

A
  1. aldosterone receptor antagonists
  2. angiotensin II receptor blockers
  3. ACE inhibitors
  4. renin inhibitors
41
Q

What is the function of aldosterone receptor antagonists?

A

binds to aldosterone receptors, prevents binding by aldosterone.

42
Q

What is the function of angiotensin II receptor blockers?

A

Prevents binding of angiotensin II in i)brain, ii) arterioles, and iii) adrenal glands

43
Q

What is the function of ACE inhibitors?

A

prevents conversion of angiotensin I to I

44
Q

What is the function of renin inhibitors?

A

prevents conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

45
Q

What is orthostasis?

A

maintenance of an upright standing posture

46
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

BP drop when standing up

47
Q

What happens to systolic and diastolic pressure when baroreflex is in action?

A

systolic: drops a little
diastolic: increases a little

48
Q

What happens to BP immediately after standing up?

A

it drops from 120/80 to 75/40

49
Q

What would happen to BP after standing up without baroreflex?

A

it would continue to drop

50
Q

What happens to MAP right after standing up?

A

it doesn’t change

51
Q

What kind of hydrostatic pressure is found in the veins furthest from the heart?

A

high pressure

52
Q

Why is there a large increase in volume of veins when there is a modest increase in hydrostatic pressure?

A

because veins have a higher compliance

53
Q

Small change in pressure in venous compartment gives a ___ change in volume.

A

large

54
Q

What is central blood volume?

A

blood in thorax, lungs, heart and great vessels

55
Q

What happens to the central blood volume when you stand up?

A

it goes from 1.2L to 0.9L (lost 300 mL)

56
Q

What happens to the pressure in the veins when the central blood volume decreases?

A

it falls because there is less blood and there is a drop in venous return

57
Q

Why does stroke volume decrease?

A

because there is less blood filling the ventricles

58
Q

How much does stroke volume decrease?

A

50%

59
Q

How much does cardiac output drop?

A

6 to 4.5

60
Q

What happens to heart rate when you stand up?

A

it increases

61
Q

By how much does heart rate increase when you stand up?

A

60 to 90 (+50%)

62
Q

What increases HR to compensate for the drop in SV?

A

baroreflex

63
Q

How is MAP preserved when you stand up?

A

map is the product of the cardiac output x total peripheral resistance (increasing)

64
Q

What happens to blood flow in many organs when you stand up?

A

it drops

65
Q

What happens to blood flow in forearm when you stand up?

A

it drops

66
Q

Constriction in arterioles results in an ___ in TPR.

A

increase

67
Q

TPR increase is due to…

A

baroreflex

68
Q

What 2 things does baroreflex increase?

A

contractility and venoconstriction

69
Q

What is the function of the muscle pump after standing up?

A

contracting your muscles results in higher venous return while standing, resulting in higher SV, and less need to have a high heart rate

70
Q

What are the 2 reasons why soldiers who stand for long periods of time may faint?

A
  1. Blood pooled in leg veins, resulting in lower central blood volume, reducing venous return.
  2. Loss of plasma volume
71
Q

What can we do to avoid low central blood volume?

A

reduce venous return

72
Q

What happens to plasma volume loss when there is high pressure in legs?

A

it increases

73
Q

After 15 minutes of standing, how much plasma volume can be lost?

A

750 mL

74
Q

Why is there a drop in MAP while standing for long periods?

A

due to drop in venous return

75
Q

High venous pressure in legs = ___ fluid loss = ___ blood plasma = ___ venous return

A

high, low, low

76
Q

How much water is lost per day?

A

4 L

77
Q

How are the 4L of water lost in a day returned to the body?

A

through the lymphatic system

78
Q

In the 2D reentry demo, what is the spiral generated by?

A

the interaction of an ectopic beat (PVC) with a normal wave of excitation, resulting in a tachycardia

79
Q

Why are the spirals in the 2D reentry demo hard to get by chance?

A

because the timing has to be precise (which is why PVCs are often benign)

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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