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PHGY-210 > Cardiovascular System - Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors monitor?

A

pressures of oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels in the arterial blood

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2
Q

What are the 2 chemoreceptors located close to baroreceptors?

A

carotid body and aortic body

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3
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors act on?

A

breathing

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4
Q

What 2 things do peripheral chemoreceptors increase?

A
  1. respiratory frequency
  2. tidal volume
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5
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do to HR? Why?

A

increase HR to eliminate CO2 and increase oxygenation faster

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6
Q

What system controls blood volume?

A

renal

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7
Q

What are the 2 systems used by the renal system to control blood volume?

A
  1. urinary loss, water retention via pressure diuresis
  2. renin angiotensin aldosterone system
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8
Q

What happens when blood volume decreases (5)?

A
  1. dec venous pressure
  2. dec venous return
  3. dec end-diastolic volume
  4. dec stroke volume
  5. dec cardiac output
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9
Q

What happens when arterial pressure increases during pressure diuresis?

A
  1. inc urinary loss of sodium and water
  2. dec plasma volume 60% BV
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10
Q

What expels H2O and waste?

A

nephrons

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11
Q

What kind of system is pressure diuresis?

A

negative

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12
Q

What kind of drug is used to control BP?

A

diuretics

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13
Q

How does the RAA system sense pressure?

A

kidneys and brain

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14
Q

How does the RAA system sense pressure by the kidneys?

A

via changes in filtration rates which are sensed as changes in excreted sodium, signalling specialized cells to release renin

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15
Q

How does the RAA system sense pressure change by the brain?

A

via baroreceptors, resulting in ADH release from neurons in the hypothalamus

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16
Q

What is renin?

A

an enzyme released by the kidneys

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17
Q

What happens to renin when MAP decreases?

A

it increases

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18
Q

Why do specialized cells sense a drop in BP using renin?

A

because of low Na+

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19
Q

What does renin convert when it is increased?

A

angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

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20
Q

Where is angiotensinogen made?

A

in the liver

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21
Q

What converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

A

ACE

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22
Q

Where is ACE found?

A

in the lungs

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23
Q

What produces ACE?

A

pulmonary endothelium

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24
Q

What is angiotensin II?

A

vasoconstrictor

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25
What does angiotensin II increase? (2)
TPR and MAP
26
What happens to renin when MAP is low?
it increases
27
What happens to renin when MAP is high?
it decreases
28
What is vasopressin?
antidiuretic hormone
29
Where is vasopressin synthesized?
hypothalamus
30
What releases vasopressin?
pituitary gland
31
What triggers the release of vassopressin?
low output from arterial baroreceptors
32
What are the 2 mechanisms of vasopressin?
vasoconstriction and antidiuretic
33
What kind of system is the vasopressin system?
negative feedback
34
When angiotensin II binds receptors in adrenal gland, what hormone is released?
aldosterone
35
What does aldosterone bind to?
receptors in the kidney
36
What retention does aldosterone cause?
Na and H20
37
What kind of system is the RAA system 3?
negative feedback
38
Low MAP -> aldosterone ___ -> ___ MAP
increases, increased
39
High MAP -> aldosterone ___ -> ___ MAP
decreases, decreased
40
What are the 4 main classes of hypertension drugs?
1. aldosterone receptor antagonists 2. angiotensin II receptor blockers 3. ACE inhibitors 4. renin inhibitors
41
What is the function of aldosterone receptor antagonists?
binds to aldosterone receptors, prevents binding by aldosterone.
42
What is the function of angiotensin II receptor blockers?
Prevents binding of angiotensin II in i)brain, ii) arterioles, and iii) adrenal glands
43
What is the function of ACE inhibitors?
prevents conversion of angiotensin I to I
44
What is the function of renin inhibitors?
prevents conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
45
What is orthostasis?
maintenance of an upright standing posture
46
What is orthostatic hypotension?
BP drop when standing up
47
What happens to systolic and diastolic pressure when baroreflex is in action?
systolic: drops a little diastolic: increases a little
48
What happens to BP immediately after standing up?
it drops from 120/80 to 75/40
49
What would happen to BP after standing up without baroreflex?
it would continue to drop
50
What happens to MAP right after standing up?
it doesn't change
51
What kind of hydrostatic pressure is found in the veins furthest from the heart?
high pressure
52
Why is there a large increase in volume of veins when there is a modest increase in hydrostatic pressure?
because veins have a higher compliance
53
Small change in pressure in venous compartment gives a ___ change in volume.
large
54
What is central blood volume?
blood in thorax, lungs, heart and great vessels
55
What happens to the central blood volume when you stand up?
it goes from 1.2L to 0.9L (lost 300 mL)
56
What happens to the pressure in the veins when the central blood volume decreases?
it falls because there is less blood and there is a drop in venous return
57
Why does stroke volume decrease?
because there is less blood filling the ventricles
58
How much does stroke volume decrease?
50%
59
How much does cardiac output drop?
6 to 4.5
60
What happens to heart rate when you stand up?
it increases
61
By how much does heart rate increase when you stand up?
60 to 90 (+50%)
62
What increases HR to compensate for the drop in SV?
baroreflex
63
How is MAP preserved when you stand up?
map is the product of the cardiac output x total peripheral resistance (increasing)
64
What happens to blood flow in many organs when you stand up?
it drops
65
What happens to blood flow in forearm when you stand up?
it drops
66
Constriction in arterioles results in an ___ in TPR.
increase
67
TPR increase is due to...
baroreflex
68
What 2 things does baroreflex increase?
contractility and venoconstriction
69
What is the function of the muscle pump after standing up?
contracting your muscles results in higher venous return while standing, resulting in higher SV, and less need to have a high heart rate
70
What are the 2 reasons why soldiers who stand for long periods of time may faint?
1. Blood pooled in leg veins, resulting in lower central blood volume, reducing venous return. 2. Loss of plasma volume
71
What can we do to avoid low central blood volume?
reduce venous return
72
What happens to plasma volume loss when there is high pressure in legs?
it increases
73
After 15 minutes of standing, how much plasma volume can be lost?
750 mL
74
Why is there a drop in MAP while standing for long periods?
due to drop in venous return
75
High venous pressure in legs = ___ fluid loss = ___ blood plasma = ___ venous return
high, low, low
76
How much water is lost per day?
4 L
77
How are the 4L of water lost in a day returned to the body?
through the lymphatic system
78
In the 2D reentry demo, what is the spiral generated by?
the interaction of an ectopic beat (PVC) with a normal wave of excitation, resulting in a tachycardia
79
Why are the spirals in the 2D reentry demo hard to get by chance?
because the timing has to be precise (which is why PVCs are often benign)

PHGY-210 (36 decks)

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